Prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy are less patient discomfort and shorter hospital stay than with the traditional open approach. Nevertheless, this operation is performed under general anesthesia, using muscle relaxants and pneumoperitoneum, with most patients in the reverse Trendelenburg position. It has been shown that this procedure is associated with significant hypercoagulability and dilation of the veins of the leg. We review the role of these factors as potential risk factors for the development of postoperative venous thromboembolism and also report the rate of thromboembolic complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Based on the available evidence, it is concluded that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, despite being a minimally invasive procedure, may be associated with a definite risk of developing postoperative venous thromboembolism that could extend beyond hospital discharge. Accordingly, thrombosis prophylaxis should be considered for these patients.     

复发性流产患者易栓症指标筛检的意义

目的 探讨易栓症相关指标与不明原因复发性流产(URSA)的相关性,为URSA患者的病因排查和治疗提供参考.方法 选取2016年11月—2018年3月上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院104例流产次数≥2次的URSA患者作为URSA组,以45例健康经产妇作为对照组,检测所有研究对象血浆狼疮抗凝物(LA)阳性率、抗心...     

Erythrocytic phosphatidylserine exposure and hemostatic alterations in β-thalassemia intermediate patients

Introduction

Hypercoagulable state is one of the common findings in beta-thalassemia intermedia (β-TI), particularly in splenectomized patients, with infrequent blood transfusion. Abnormality of the red blood cells (RBC) membrane due to oxidative damage is suggestive of possible etiologies. Membrane lipid peroxidation increases the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) that plays a role in the activation of coagulation factors V and X, subsequently initiating thrombosis. Our aim of this study was to find the probable correlation of the alteration of the PS on the RBC outer membrane with the hypercoagulable state in the β-TI patients.

Materials and methods

Our cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 splenectomized β-TI patients and 38 age-matched healthy controls. The mean age was 37 years. Analysis of the PS exposure on the RBCs was performed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated AV protein .Measurement of the coagulation factors X, V and antithrombin III (AT-III) was performed. We also checked the D-dimer levels .Analysis was performed by SPSS16.

Results

Fluorescence of FITC-Annexin V labeling on patients RBCs were higher than healthy controls; (2.8 ± 2.2%) of the patients versus (0.4 ± 0.18%) in the control group and was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Mean levels of factor X and AT-III of the patients as compared with the control group decreased and showed significant difference (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Circulation of thalassemic RBCs, which abnormally possess PS on RBC membrane outer surface, suggests the possibility of the gradual consumption of the coagulation factors in the presence of a chronic coagulability state.     

血栓弹力图评价慢性肾脏病患者高凝状态的危险因素分析

摘 要 目的：探讨血栓弹力图评价慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者高凝状态的危险因素。方法: 选取221例慢性肾脏病同时进行血栓弹力图检测的患者,根据血栓弹力图血栓最大弹力度（MA值）分为低凝组（MA＜69 mm,n=139）和高凝组（MA≥69 mm,n=82）,分析两组患者的基本情况包括性别、年龄、身高、体质量,伴发疾病如糖尿病、高脂血症、肾病综合征,用药情况如重组人促红细胞生成素、抗凝和抗血小板药物、激素等,肾功能情况如CKD1 3期和CKD4 5期,血栓弹力图中的凝血参数反应时间（R值）、凝血时间（K值）、夹角α、血栓最大弹力度（MA）,其他凝血相关指标血小板计数（Plt）等有无差异,同时采用二元逻辑回归,分析引起高凝的危险因素。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、身高、体质量等比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而伴发疾病、用药情况、肾功能、部分凝血及血常规指标（包括血栓弹力图指标）比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。高凝的危险因素主要包括糖尿病（OR 1.895, 95%CI 1.082～3.318）、肾病综合征（OR 2.501, 95%CI 1.429～4.379）、CKD4～5期（OR 1.989,95%CI 1.136～3.483）等疾病因素,以及药物因素：重组人促红细胞生成素（OR 2.254, 95%CI 1.207～4.208）。结论:对CKD患者而言,糖尿病、肾病综合征、CKD4～5期增加患者高凝状态,肾性贫血患者使用重组人促红细胞生成素亦增加患者高凝风险。     

Ictus isquémico e infección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿asociación casual o causal?

IntroductionIschaemic stroke has been reported in patients with COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. However, it is unclear to what extent this is linked to systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability secondary to the infection.MethodsWe describe the cases of 4 patients with ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 who were attended at our hospital. Patients are classified according to the likelihood of a causal relationship between the hypercoagulable state and ischaemic stroke. We also conducted a review of studies addressing the possible mechanisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of ischaemic stroke in these patients.ResultsThe association between COVID-19 and stroke was probably causal in 2 patients, who presented cortical infarcts and had no relevant arterial or cardioembolic disease, but did show signs of hypercoagulability and systemic inflammation in laboratory analyses. The other 2 patients were of advanced age and presented cardioembolic ischaemic stroke; the association in these patients was probably incidental.ConclusionsSystemic inflammation and the potential direct action of the virus may cause endothelial dysfunction, resulting in a hypercoagulable state that could be considered a potential cause of ischaemic stroke. However, stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms; studies with larger samples are therefore needed to confirm our hypothesis. The management protocol for patients with stroke and COVID-19 should include a complete aetiological study, with the appropriate safety precautions always being observed.     

血栓弹力图在评价慢性肾脏病患者高凝状态中的作用

目的观察血栓弹力图（TEG）与常规凝血指标在慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者高凝状态中的关系,评价TEG在CKD患者高凝状态中的诊断作用。方法根据简化肾脏病膳食改良试验（MDRD）公式计算67例CKD患者的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）,并按肾脏病生存质量指导（K-DOQI）标准分成3组[CKD1～2期20例、CKD3～4期20例、终末期肾脏病（ESRD）27例]。检测所有患者常规凝血功能、血常规及TEG。结果凝血功能各指标和血小板（PLT）计数在CKD1～2期、CKD3～5期及ESRD患者3组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。ESRD患者及CKD3～5期患者TEG结果中的R值、K值均较CKD1～2期患者显著降低,夹角（Angle）、血栓最大弹力度（MA）、凝血指数（C I）值显著升高。提示CKD 3～5期及ESRD患者存在高凝状态。结论与其他常规凝血指标比较,TEG是反映CKD患者高凝状态的一个更为敏感的指标。根据TEG得到的不同高凝状态结果,进行针对性的抗凝治疗,可能有助于预防CKD患者心血管疾病（CVD）并发症。     

Hypercoagulability risk factors in children with minimal change disease and the protective role of protein-C activity

It is believed that thrombotic activity in nephrotic syndrome is due to an imbalance between procoagulant/thrombotic and anticoagulant/antithrombotic factors in plasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypercoagulability risk in childhood minimal change disease and to find possible protective mechanisms with respect to hemostasis. Twenty-six children with minimal change disease were enrolled in this study. All patients were evaluated during an attack and on remission. The control group consisted of 33 healthy children. During the attack period, prothrombosis parameters, total lipid, cholesterol, fibrinogen levels and platelet count increased significantly compared to levels in the remission period. This denotes that hyperviscosity increases thrombosis tendency. In the attack period, the significant increase of prothrombin fragments 1+2 which shows thrombin formation and thrombin-antithrombin complex which causes prothrombin activation, are an indication of increased thrombosis risk. Five patients with lupus anticoagulant present and 7 patients with activated protein-C resistance ratios carried an increased thrombosis risk. D-dimer level of fibrinolytic factors significantly increased during the attack period. These findings emphasize the existence of thrombotic activity causing the activation of the fibrinolytic system. The significant increase in protein-C activity in these patients represents one of the protective mechanisms against thrombosis. The decrease in tissue plasminogen activator and antiplasmin indicates the protective role of fibrinolytic activity. Consequently, an increase in the protein-C activity is one of the protective mechanisms. The fibrinolytic system also plays an important role in preventing thrombotic activity in these patients.     

冠状动脉造影正常的急性心肌梗死患者的临床分析

目的:探讨冠状动脉造影(CAG)正常的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的发生率、可能的发病机制,分析其发病危险因素。方法:回顾性分析23例CAG正常的AMI患者(CAG正常组)和64例CAG异常的AMI患者(CAG异常组)临床资料。结果:(1)CAG正常组共23例,占同期行急诊CAG的AMI患者总数的1.5%。(2)CAG正常组发病年龄显著性低于CAG异常组[(49.57±12.07)vs(57.70±12.50),P=0.008]。两组均以男性居多(78.26%vs 81.25%,P=0.765)。(3)CAG正常组高脂血症病史患者比例显著性低于CAG异常组(21.74%vs 59.38%,P=0.002)。吸烟是其独立危险因素(P=0.006)。结论:CAG正常的AMI以中青年男性居多;可能的发病机制尚无明确定论;吸烟是其独立危险因素。     

Hypercoagulability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to cardiovascular complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Previous studies demonstrate that OSA patients show elevated fibrinogen levels and increased platelet aggregation that are reversed with 1 night of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment (NCPAP). Questioning overall coagulability in OSA, we examined whole blood coagulability in 11 chronically NCPAP treated OSA subjects, 22 previously untreated OSA subjects, and in 16 of these after 1 night of NCPAP treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During full polysomnography, subjects from each group had blood drawn prior to bedtime (21:00 h) and upon waking in the morning (07:00 h). RESULTS: Untreated OSA patients had faster P.M. clotting times than chronically treated OSA patients (3.33+/-0.31 versus 6.12+/- 0.66 min, P<0.05 by ANOVA). A.M. values showed similar results (4.31+/- 0.34 min versus 7.08+/-0.52 min, P<0.05 by ANOVA) for the respective groups. One overnight treatment with nasal CPAP did not produce a significant change in A.M. whole blood coagulability (4.35 +/-0.43 to 5.31+/-0.53 min; n=16; P=0.1) in 16 treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and blood hypercoagulability status that appears to be reversed by chronic NCPAP treatment. These data suggest that NCPAP might protect against the development of cardiovascular complications in OSA patients.