痛风患者的健康素养：一项关于东北地区中青年患者的质性研究

背景　痛风是一种代谢性疾病，可以并发肾、心脑血管等多器官疾病，目前痛风发病和预后的影响因素已经得到揭示，但鲜有通过质性研究方法全面评估痛风患者的疾病认知和健康素养状态。目的　探讨东北地区中青年痛风患者的健康素养，并了解痛风患者的一般感知能力及知识需求状况，为增强我国痛风患者的健康素养水平，改善其自身管理能力、提高痛风患者的生活质量提供理论依据。方法　招募2017年3月-2018年3月于大庆油田总医院、大庆市人民医院、大庆市第五医院3家医院确诊为痛风的中青年患者，信息饱和后停止招募，共招募13例患者。采用非结构式与半结构式访谈相结合的方式对患者资料进行收集，采用Colaizzi的现象学资料分析方法进行分析。结果　对访谈资料进行分析，提炼如下主题：痛风患者的疾病感知能力〔包括对痛风的认知及知晓情况较差；严重的疼痛可影响痛风患者的生活质量；自我感知导致疾病发作或加重的原因为饮食习惯及生活方式等〕、就诊状况及行为（包括首次发病对疾病认识缺乏；就医体验不良）、痛风药物管理计划（包括药物选择依从性低、治疗方案的知晓及应对差）、痛风非药物管理计划（包括生活方式的调整、社会资源互动、疾病信息挖掘）。结论　东北地区中青年痛风患者健康素养水平较低，对疾病相关信息获取途径单一，对疾病和治疗判断片面，因此不能有效进行疾病管理，阻碍医疗决策制定。提示根据需求状况、针对具体薄弱环节提升痛风患者的健康素养、提高知识水平对改善患者健康结局很有必要。     

Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia in New Caledonia

ObjectivesNew Caledonia is a Pacific island of 270,000 inhabitants with mixed ethnicities, including Polynesians (10.2%), people from European ancestry (27.2%), and Melanesians (39.1%),. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the general population and the various ethnicities of New Caledonia.MethodsA 3-degree random sample of the population aged 18 to 60 years was adjusted according to the 2014 New Caledonia census. Face-to-face planned interviews and physical measurements were performed by trained nurses. All consenting participants underwent capillary measurement of creatinine; all consenting men and only women older than 40 years underwent point-of-care uricemia testing. Gout was defined by a validated algorithm. Two definitions of hyperuricemia were used: capillary level equivalent to plasma uric acid level > 360 μmol/l (6 mg/dl) and > 420 μmol/l (7 mg/dl) and/or urate-lowering drug treatment for both thresholds.ResultsWe included 1144 participants (adjusted mean age 37.7 ± 12.0 years; adjusted sex ratio 50.4% men). The adjusted prevalence of gout was 3.3% (95% confidence interval 2.2–4.9). Prevalence was 6.7% (2.5–16.8), 4.1% (1.8–8.9), and 2.6% (1.4–4.7) for Polynesians, Europeans and Melanesians, respectively, and 1.9% (0.5–6.6) for other ethnicities. Prevalence of hyperuricemia, determined in 658 participants, was 67.0% (61.9–71.6) and 37.0% (32.3–42.0) for the 360- and 420-μmol/l thresholds, respectively, and was significantly greater for Polynesians and Melanesians than Europeans for both thresholds.ConclusionsThe prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in New Caledonia was high, including in patients of European descent.     

Coexistencia de artritis séptica y microcristalina: un reto diagnóstico. A propósito de 25 casos

ObjectiveSeptic arthritis is a medical emergency and crystal-induced arthritis is a risk factor for its development. If both occur simultaneously, crystal-induced arthritis may mask the diagnosis of infection and delay antibiotic therapy.MethodRetrospective analysis of patients with coexistence of septic and crystal-induced arthritis. We included only patients with isolation of crystals in synovial fluid analysis and positive culture of synovial fluid and/or blood culture.ResultsA total of 25 patients (17 men and 8 women) with a mean age of 67 years. The most commonly affected joint was the knee. In synovial fluid cytological studies, the most frequently identified crystals were monosodium urate. Risk factors included diabetes and chronic renal failure. The most frequently isolated germs were methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (48%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (12%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (12%). In all, 36% of subjects required surgical drainage (excluding those caused by M. tuberculosis). Clinical outcome was favorable in 56%, although intercurrent complications were usual (40%). Mortality was 8%.ConclusionsCoexistence of septic and crystal-induced arthritis represents a diagnostic challenge and requires a high index of suspicion. Gout was the most prevalent crystal-induced arthritis. S. aureus was the most commonly causative pathogen, with a high rate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. If treated early, the outcome is usually favorable, making synovial fluid microbiological study imperative.     

肾移植术后发生高尿酸血症的机制

目的：探讨肾移植术后发生高尿酸血症的机制及防治策略。方法：分析480例肾移植术后患者的临床资料。结果：肾移植术后移植肾功能正常而血尿酸增高者43例(9％)，其中痛风7例，移植肾肾盂或输尿管结石3例。随访1～5年，1例痛风患者血尿酸及症状控制不理想，余血尿酸均控制在正常水平，未见并发症的发生。结论：高尿酸血症是肾移植术后较常见的问题，发生原因较多，但主要与环孢素A的作用有关；长期降尿酸及碱化尿液治疗安全、有效。     

竹黄通痹胶囊治疗痛风43例

目的：为寻求一种对治疗痛风病更为有效而且服用方便的方药。方法：门诊收治的43例患,根据临床表现,化验室检查和X线摄片而确诊。每日口服“竹黄通痹胶囊”连续服用3个月。结果：43例患临床痊愈30例,有效11例,无效2例,总有效率为95．4％。结论：竹黄通痹胶囊具有清热利湿,活血通络,消肿止痛等作用,且无不良反应。     

复方白虎加桂枝汤防治大鼠痛风模型的实验观察

目的 探讨中药对大鼠痛风模型的防治作用。方法 用尿酸盐注入大鼠后肢的内踝关节，制备大鼠痛风模型．观察中药对大鼠痛风模型内踝关节炎症的防治作用。结果 中药组体征好转，关节及其周围组织的K^＋浓度降低，病理显示关节炎症得到明显改善。结论中药对大鼠痛风模型具有较好的防治作用。     

萘普生治疗活动性肺结核低热及并发症的临床研究

目的探讨萘普生对活动性肺结核患者发热及并发症的疗效评价。方法采用双盲随机方法选出80例符合活动性肺结核标准的病例分治疗组与对照组,分别用萘普生为治疗组药物、VitB1为对照组药物给予治疗,疗程为30日。每日测试体温,密切观察服用抗结核药物(PZA)后出现的并发症进行治疗前后比较。结果服用萘普生组30日内为100%,而对照组30日内为87.5%,两组对比有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);痛风症状的出现情况,治疗组为零。对照组出现4例为10%两组对比P<0.05,有显著性差异。结论萘普生作为一种活动性肺结核发热及服用PZA药物引起的痛风症状有明显的治疗、预防作用。在活动性肺结核患有发热症状及应用抗结核药PZA出现的痛风之并发症时,应用萘普生对症治疗是安全有效的方法之一。     

单源双能量CT扫描单能谱成像技术基物质图像在痛风结节中的应用

目的探讨单源双能量CT扫描单能谱成像技术基物质图像在痛风结节诊断中的应用价值。方法选取本院2017年1月至2019年1月收治的77例高度怀疑痛风患者,均进行单源双能量扫描及尿酸基图和钙基图的分拆、重建,同时结合常规能量扫描进行诊断。以美国风湿病协会制定的痛风诊断标准为基准,计算单源双能量CT诊断痛风结节的敏感度、特异度与准确率。结果根据美国风湿病协会制定的痛风诊断标准,77例患者中57例患者确诊为痛风结节。共56例患者经单源双能量CT扫描检测到痛风结节,其中11例为单关节受累,45例为多关节受累。单源双能量CT诊断痛风的敏感度为91.23%,特异度为80.00%,准确率为87.18%;常规CT诊断痛风的敏感度为77.19%,特异度为60.00%,准确率为72.73%。单源双能量CT诊断痛风的敏感度、准确率显著高于常规CT(P<0.05)。单源双能量CT共检出痛风结节131处,直径0.1~14.7cm;常规CT共检出痛风结节104处,直径0.4~14.7cm,0.1~0.3cm痛风结节未能显示。结论单源双能量CT扫描操作简单、费用低,可利用单能谱成像技术基物质图像上的结晶标记颜色鉴别尿酸和非尿酸结晶沉积,痛风结节诊断的敏感度与准确率较高,且可检出较小痛风结节,值得在痛风的临床诊断中推广应用。