耐万古霉素肠球菌表型及基因型分析

目的：对耐万古霉素的肠球菌进行表型及基因型分析，了解临床耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)的流行状况。指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法：48株肠球菌，按常规方法进行鉴定，并采用琼脂筛选法对耐万古霉素肠球菌进一步筛选。将筛选出的3株耐万古霉素肠球菌，以多重PCR法进行基因分型。结果：共检出3株对万古霉素耐药肠球菌，其中1株为天然耐万古霉素株。基因型分析结果为1株VanA型，1株VanCl型，另1株基因型不明。结论：已发现3株VRE。临床应合理使用抗生素，以防止VRE的爆发流行。     

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiologic tool for enterococci and streptococci

Enterococci (Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis) and streptococci such as Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus), and Streptococcus pneumoniae are increasing in importance as both hospital-acquired and community pathogens. Emerging resistance and increasing incidence of these organisms has necessitated the analysis of their epidemiologic mechanisms of spread. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has emerged as the one of the most widely applicable, reproducible, and stable methods to examine strain identity in bacterial organisms. The procedure used in our laboratory for PFGE typing of whole cell DNA digested with SmaI for enterococci, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. agalacatiae is presented. Issues regarding interpretation are also reviewed and discussed.     

耐万古霉素微生物筛选模型

为获得耐万古霉素的肠球菌和金葡球菌，利用紫外线对Enterococcus faecalis458和Staphylococcus aureus9918进行诱变，确定在不同处理中以紫外线照射30s为最佳。最后获得对万古霉素中敏的E．faecalis458 V20和S．aureus9918 V16，药物敏感性试验表明前者对青霉素G钾和红霉素耐药，而后者对青霉素G钾、红霉素、苯唑青霉素钠和氨苄青霉素钠耐药。两者对万古霉素的耐药性在无药培养基上传10代后略微下降。     

重症监护病房肠球菌呼吸机相关性肺炎临床分析

目的 探讨肠球菌呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的临床相关因素及病原学特点,以指导临床防治.方法 应用回顾性调查的方法对广州市第一人民医院2003年1月至2007年11月重症监护病房发生的41例肠球菌VAP进行临床病例分析.结果 41例患者均有基础疾病,其中危重疾病如脑血管意外、良恶性肿瘤术后、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、重症肺炎、颅脑挫伤较常见;肠球菌感染中以粪肠球菌为多(63.6%),屎肠球菌为29.5%,肠球菌对临床常见抗生素如环丙氟哌酸、红霉素、青霉素、庆大霉素等耐药率较高,分别为77.3%、86.4%、51.3%、74.4%,其中屎肠球菌对氨苄青霉素和青霉素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌(P<0.01,P=0.018),此次分离的肠球菌未发现耐万古霉素菌株,但检出万古霉素中介粪肠球菌3株(6.8%),所有肠球菌均对替考拉宁敏感;41例患者最后死亡21例,病死率达51.2%.结论 肠球菌引起的VAP多发生于接受有创操作及有基础疾病患者,因其多重耐药,病死率高,需加强临床防治工作,以降低VAP的发病率和病死率.     

How do I manage a patient with enterococcal bacteraemia?

BackgroundEnterococcal bacteraemia (EB) is common, particularly in the nosocomial setting, and its management poses a challenge for clinicians and microbiologists.ObjectivesThe aim was to summarize the more relevant features of EB and to provide a practical state-of-the-art on the topics that more directly affect its management.SourcesPubmed articles from inception to 31 May 2020.ContentThe following topics are covered: epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics and factors associated with prognosis of EB; diagnosis and work-up, including the use of echocardiography to rule out endocarditis; antibiotic management with special focus on antimicrobial resistance and complicated EB; and the role of infectious disease consultation and the use of bundles in EB. In addition, three clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the practical application of the guidance provided, and major gaps in the current evidence supporting EB management are discussed.ImplicationsEB is associated with large burdens of morbidity and mortality, particularly among fragile and immunosuppressed patients presenting complicated bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant enterococci. Most cases of EB are caused by Enterococcus faecalis, followed by E. faecium. EB often presents as polymicrobial bacteraemia. Rapidly identifying patients at risk of EB is crucial for timely application of diagnostic techniques and empiric therapy. Early alert systems and rapid diagnostic techniques, such as matrix-assisted desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, especially if used together with infectious disease consultation within bundles, appear to improve management and prognosis of EB. Echocardiography is also key in the work-up of EB and should probably be more extensively used, although its exact indications in EB are still debated. Multidisciplinary approaches are warranted due to the complexity and severity of EB.     

Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定/药敏系统检测肠球菌方法评估

目的用Phoen ix-100全自动微生物鉴定/药敏系统(简称Phoen ix-100系统)检测肠球菌并评估此检测系统。方法收集50株临床分离肠球菌,用Phoen ix-100系统进行鉴定及药敏试验,通过与API鉴定系统、药敏纸片法和E-test法[筛选耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)]比较,对Phoen ix-100系统进行评估。结果与API鉴定系统相比,Phoen ix-100系统鉴定肠球菌的一致率为90.0%。与药敏纸片法相比,Phoen ix-100系统检测肠球菌对庆大霉素(筛选耐高浓度氨基糖苷类抗生素肠球菌)、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、红霉素、呋喃妥因、万古霉素和肽可霉素药敏结果的完全符合率分别为94.0%、94.0%、88.0%、94.0%、70.8%、64.0%和92.0%。与E-test法相比,Phoen ix-100系统筛选VRE的完全符合率为84.0%;未出现极大错误,大错误率为12.0%,小错误率为4.0%。结论用Phoen ix-100系统检测肠球菌是一种简便、快速和比较准确可靠的方法。     

腹腔感染细菌流行病学调查

目的监测2006年10月至2007年10月我国不同地区14家教学医院分离的腹腔感染病原菌的菌种分布及其体外药物敏感性。方法按设计方案收集来自腹腔感染的病原菌。菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定10类共29种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,数据输入WHONET5．4软件进行耐药性分析。结果此次监测收集的腹腔感染病例数为742例,分离出的病原菌为743株,其中革兰阴性菌占76．7％（570／743）,革兰阳性菌占23．3％（173／743）。病原菌中分离率位于前5位的分别为大肠埃希菌（38．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（10．2％）、铜绿假单胞菌（9．2％）、屎肠球菌（8-2％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（4．4％）。对于所有肠杆菌科菌,敏感率高于90％的抗菌药物包括美罗培南、亚胺培南、替加环素、阿米卡星和他唑西林-三唑巴坦。对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌,敏感性大于90％的药物包括亚胺培南（100％）、美罗培南（100％）、替加环素（100％）和他唑西林-三唑巴坦（91．5％～91．7％）。铜绿假单胞菌中多重耐药菌株的检出率为14．7％,鲍曼不动杆菌为61．3％。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林（MRSA）的发生率为69．7％,所有菌株对替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁均敏感。替加环素对所有粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌均保持了100％的敏感率。粪肠球菌中敏感性较高的抗菌药物还有万古霉素（100％）、替考拉宁（100％）和氨苄西林（81．5％）。屎肠球菌中敏感性较高的抗菌药物还有万古霉素和替考拉宁（96．7％）。结论引起腹腔感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌特别是肠杆菌科菌为主。替加环素、碳青酶烯类、他唑西林-三唑巴坦和阿米卡星对腹腔感染肠杆菌科菌保持了较高的抗菌活性,非发酵的革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性令人担忧。替加环素、万     

肠球菌属感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解肠球菌属在临床感染标本中的分布趋势及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法应用全自动微生物分析仪(VITEK-2 COMPACT)鉴定到种,同时采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验,试验结果采用WHONET5.5和SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果 383株肠球菌属中,屎肠球菌180株,占47.0%,粪肠球菌148株,占38.6%,铅黄肠球菌29株,占7.6%,鹑鸡肠球菌22株,占5.7%,其他肠球菌4株,占1.1%;感染标本主要为尿液,其次是分泌物及痰液,所占比例分别为32.9%、15.9%和14.9%;除对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率较低外,对大多数常用抗菌药物的耐药率均>40.0%,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱明显不同。结论医院肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌为主,粪肠球菌次之;以泌尿系统感染最为常见;多药耐药和高耐药现象相当严重,监测肠球菌属的耐药状况对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

Risk factors in enterococci isolated from foods in Morocco: Determination of antimicrobial resistance and incidence of virulence traits

A collection of enterococci isolated from meat, dairy and vegetable foods from Morocco including 23 Enterococus faecalis and 15 Enterococcus faecium isolates was studied. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, and gentamicin. Many E. faecalis isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86.95%), followed by rifampicin (78.26% ciprofloxacin (60.87%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (56.52%), nitrofurantoin (43.47%), levofloxacin (39.13%), erythromycin (21.73%), streptomycin (17.39%), chloramphenicol (8.69%), vancomycin (8.69%), and teicoplanin (4.34%). E. faecium isolates showed a different antibiotic resistance profile: a high percentage were resistant to nitrofurantoin (73.33%), followed by erythromycin (66.60%), ciprofloxacin (66.66%), levofloxacin (60.00%), and rifampicin (26.66%), and only a very low percentage were resistant to tetracycline (6.66%). One isolate was resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The incidence of virulence factors was much higher among E. faecalis isolates, especially for genes encoding for sex pheromones, collagen adhesin, enterococcal endocarditis antigen, and enterococcal surface protein. Isolates with multiple factors (both antibiotic resistance and virulence traits) were also more frequent among E. faecalis isolates, in which one isolate cumulated up to 15 traits. By contrast, several isolates of E. faecium had only very few unwanted traits as compared to only two isolates in E. faecalis. The high abundance of isolates carrying virulence factors and antibiotic resistance traits suggests that the sanitary quality of foods should be improved in order to decrease the incidence of enterococci.