The ‘Draw‐the‐Family Test’ in the preoperative assessment of patients with anorectal diseases and psychological distress: a prospective controlled study

Aim Some benign anorectal diseases may have psychosomatic aetiology, but patients often refuse direct psychological counselling. The Draw‐the‐Family Test (DFT) is a simple indirect investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the DFT in patients with psychological problems undergoing surgery for benign anorectal disease and to correlate the results with surgical outcome. Method DFT was administered prior to surgery to 62 patients with benign anorectal disease who admitted psychological problems at the time of the outpatient visit. Of these 18 (29%) had functional disease, mainly obstructed defecation (OD) while 44 (71%) had organic disease (haemorrhoids, fissures, pilonidal sinus or fistula). DFT was also administered to 40 healthy control subjects. Each DFT was judged as normal or pathological according to 10 parameters. Patients were followed up for a median of 12 months (range 3–64) and divided into two outcome groups, success (n = 58) and failure (n = 12) according to the results of a questionnaire. The DFT of all patients was then correlated with the outcome. Results None of the patients refused DFT. All DFT parameters but one (animal/things instead of human beings) were more frequent in patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). When comparing separately organic or functional disease patients with controls, one parameter (absence of patient in the drawing) was only pathological in the organic disease group (P < 0.05). Another parameter (schematic figures) was more frequently altered in the organic disease group compared with the functional disease group (P = 0.01). Eight out of 10 parameters were more frequently pathological in patients who failed after treatment, but none reached statistical significance. Conclusion Results of DFT in patients with anorectal disease admitting to psychological problems are markedly different from healthy controls. Patients with organic disease and those with functional bowel disease have different DFT profiles. In our study group, DFT had an excellent compliance but could not predict the outcome of surgery.     

金银花提取条件对绿原酸含量的研究

目的探讨用稀醇提取法从金银花中提取绿原酸的最佳条件。方法用稀醇提取法从金银花中提取绿原酸用正交设计选取最佳工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为:12倍量45%乙醇,调pH值至8,75℃水浴浸泡,回流2.5h。影响绿原酸含量的因素顺序是:乙醇浓度>乙醇倍量>pH值>回流时间>浸泡温度。结论稀醇提取法为金银花提取绿原酸是目前较好的一种提取工艺。     

两种抽吸真空包装粉剂药物方法的对比研究

目的探讨、寻求一种快速、准确、高效的真空包装密封瓶粉刺药物抽吸方法。方法对100瓶易溶于水真空包装的密封瓶粉剂药物随机分成实验组和对照组,各50例,实验组采用空气与溶媒同管注入溶解与抽吸一步完成（以下简称一步抽吸法）,对照组先注入溶媒后注入空气溶解与抽吸分两步进行（以下简称两步抽吸法）,比较两组药液平均抽吸时间及是否溢液。结果实验组一步抽吸法明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论一步抽吸法既节省操作时间又避免药液损失,减少输液微粒,确保输液安全,还节约资源降低成本,可明显提高工作效率。     

小白鼠死亡后腋静脉采血方法的建立

目的：建立一种小白鼠死亡后的腋静脉采血方法，并对其血液成分进行检测。方法：采用小鼠腋静脉进行采血，用血红蛋白仪测出血红蛋白的部分指标。结果：既往实验中，由于小白鼠死亡后无较好的采血方法，在教学实验中无法进行血红蛋白等指标的测定，使实验定量的科学性欠缺。该方法的建立有效弥补了实验教学的不足。结论：小鼠死亡后腋静脉采血方法操作简单、易学和实用，且采血速度快、成功率高，适合动物死亡时的采血，可有效提高实验的科学性。     

国外卫生应急体系建设的启示与借鉴

文章综述了美国、法国、日本等国家先进的卫生应急体系建设经验,他们的"加强基层、预防为主,建立高效统一的指挥体系、健全的应急保障体系和专门的管理与协调机构"做法值得借鉴。     

血液标本临床检验不合格的原因和对策浅析

目的分析血液标本临床检验结果不达标原因,并制定相应的有效措施。方法分析该院2012年1月-2013年7月采集的4500份血液标本质量进行分析、统计,寻找血液标本不合格的相关影响因素。结果全部4500份血液标本中发现,有230份血液标本不合格,比例为5．1％。并且统计发现标本不达标的常见类型有：样本量少、抗凝不全、溶血问题、凝血问题,其他不合格原因还有输液同侧采集、标本放置时间过长以及盛放血液的容器不当等。结论临床检验工作中发现主要影响血液标本检验的因素有样本量少、凝血问题、溶血问题以及抗凝不全等。因此,为了提高检验准确性医院检验科应不断完善检验质量控制体系,不断提高检验工作人员的采血规范及专业技能,从而确保临床检验质量。     

体温绘制笔在温湿度监测表绘制中的作用

静脉用药集中配置中心因药品储存需求及配置间温湿度要求，需每日监测各配置间、阴凉库、冰箱及各级药库的温湿度变化，以往监测绘制温湿度表中存在温、湿度绘制颜色相同、不易区分、连线之间不整齐、不美观、绘制慢的问题。为此，我们采用体温绘制笔绘制温湿度监测曲线，解除了以往存在的缺陷。     

从日本汉方药的成功看我国中药产业的发展

目的:为我国的中药产业发展提出建议。方法:从日本汉方药的药用植物种植、研发与生产、销售管理、知识产权保护等方面,阐述其发展概况。结果与结论:我国应借鉴日本汉方药发展的成功经验,从上述4个方面入手,提高中药产业的管理与技术水平,促进中药产业的发展。     

Drawing out experience: Arts-informed qualitative research exploring public perceptions of community pharmacy services

In many countries around the world, people go to community pharmacies to receive primary health care services. Awareness of public views and experiences may help to identify opportunities for greater uptake of primary health care services provided by pharmacists and ways to improve care. Arts-informed research offers the possibility to provide additional insights into public perceptions of community pharmacy services. The purpose of this exploratory study is to describe the process and results of an arts-informed research project using an adapted version of the draw and write technique in combination with focus group interviews to explore public perceptions of community pharmacy services. The draw and write technique was introduced as an introductory activity to evoke a visual expression of participants’ perceptions and experiences with community pharmacy services. Participants were invited to answer the question, “What do community pharmacy services mean to you?” in the form of a drawing and words. They were then prompted to discuss their drawings in a focus group interview. This approach resulted in rich visual and textual data. Analysis consisted of a combination of manual sorting of the visual data and examination of the focus group interview data that were transcribed verbatim, anonymized, and analyzed using an inductive comparative approach. NVIVO version 12 software was used to code and manage all data. Use of the draw and write technique elicited initial, fresh perspectives about community pharmacy services prior to discussions with participants in the focus group interviews. This approach allowed researchers to access a diverse range of experiences and perspectives.