Vampire Bat Rabies: Ecology,Epidemiology and Control

Extensive surveillance in bat populations in response to recent emerging diseases has revealed that this group of mammals acts as a reservoir for a large range of viruses. However, the oldest known association between a zoonotic virus and a bat is that between rabies virus and the vampire bat. Vampire bats are only found in Latin America and their unique method of obtaining nutrition, blood-feeding or haematophagy, has only evolved in the New World. The adaptations that enable blood-feeding also make the vampire bat highly effective at transmitting rabies virus. Whether the virus was present in pre-Columbian America or was introduced is much disputed, however, the introduction of Old World livestock and associated landscape modification, which continues to the present day, has enabled vampire bat populations to increase. This in turn has provided the conditions for rabies re-emergence to threaten both livestock and human populations as vampire bats target large mammals. This review considers the ecology of the vampire bat that make it such an efficient vector for rabies, the current status of vampire-transmitted rabies and the future prospects for spread by this virus and its control.     

基于化学计量学的不同产地香附中14种无机元素的含量比较

目的:建立香附药材中无机元素的含量测定方法,并比较不同产地香附中14种无机元素的含量,为该药材质量控制和优质资源开发提供理论基础.方法:采用微波消解法对样品进行处理,再采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定香附药材中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Cd、Pb的含量,运用SP...     

醋炙香附炮制工艺研究

目的优选香附的炮制工艺,为规范香附的炮制工艺提供技术参数。方法采用L9(34)正交表设计实验,以α-香附酮的含量为考察指标,筛选醋炙香附的最佳条件。结果醋炙香附的最佳条件是:醋的用量60%(质量分数),闷1h,加入饮片时的温度为150℃,炒10min。验证实验表明最佳炮制工艺合理。结论工艺稳定可行,对实现香附炮制的规范化、产业化有积极的意义。     

基于“寒凝血瘀”关键病机理论探讨新加良附方治疗胃癌的网络药理学研究

目的:通过网络药理学方法探讨新加良附方治疗胃癌的作用机制。方法:在中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)中获取高良姜、香附、穿山龙的有效成分及靶蛋白,通过Genecards、OMIM数据库筛选出胃癌的靶点,利用Venn软件获取共同靶点,使用Cytoscape3.7.2进行"化合物-靶点-疾病"的网络图构建。通过String数据库获取蛋白互作网络(PPI),最后进行GO功能、KEGG通路富集分析。结果:从新加良附方中筛选出高良姜素、槲皮素、木犀草素、薯蓣皂苷元等主要有效活性成分,作用于87个胃癌靶点,筛选出AKT1、MYC、CASP3、EGFR等关键靶点,并确定了PI3K-Akt信号通路、p53信号通路、Wnt信号通路等关键代谢信号通路,参与蛋白结合、转录因子活性、酶活性调节、受体活性等过程。结论:新加良附方通过多个靶点、多条通路发挥治疗胃癌的作用。     

Coccidioides posadasii infection in bats, Brazil

To analyze the eco-epidemiologic aspects of Histoplasma capsulatum in Brazil, we tested 83 bats for this fungus. Although H. capsulatum was not isolated, Coccidioides posadasii was recovered from Carollia perspicillata bat lungs. Immunologic studies detected coccidioidal antibodies and antigens in Glossophaga soricina and Desmodus rotundus bats.     

Acetylcholinesterase-histochemical differential staining of subdivisions within the nucleus rotundus in the chick

Summary Histochemical mapping of AChE activity in the chick diencephalon shows differential staining of several subregions witin the nucleus rotundus. The topography and extent of these subdivisions were studied in transverse, horizontal and sagittal sections. A correlation with rotundic hodologic subdivisions reported in the literature is feasible, whereas several other chemoarchitectonic or functional markers show a homogeneous distribution throughout the n. rotundus. Moreover, cholinergic markers do not detect cholinergic afferents within the rotundic neuropile. Late embryonic appearance of the AChE heterogeneity suggests a modulation of neuropile AChE levels subsequent to synaptogenetic adjustment of differential hodology.Abbreviations ApR area perirotundica - DLA nucleus dorsolateralis anterior - DLLd nucleus dorsolateralis, pars laterodorsalis - ES ectostriatum - fr fasciculus retroflexus - GV nucleus geniculatus ventralis - I nucleus intercalatus - OV nucleus ovoidalis - PCP nucleus precommissuralis principalis - PCS nucleus precommissuralis (synencephali) superficialis - PDSV nucleus posterions decussatio supraopticae ventralis - PI nucleus posterointermedius - PV nucleus posteroventralis - Ram nucleus rotundus, pars anteromedialis - Ri nucleus rotundus, pars intermedia - Rpf nucleus rotundus, pars parafascicularis - Rpl nucleus rotundus, pars posterolateralis - Rpm nucleus rotundus, pars posteromedialis - Rvl nucleus rotundus, pars ventrolateralis - RSd n. reticularis superior pars dorsalis - SGC stratum griseum centrale - SR nucleus subrotundus - SRL suprarotundic leaflet - sv subventral component of ventral supraoptic decussation - T nucleus triangularis - tio tractus isthmoopticus - to tractus opticus - tt tractus tecto-thalamicus     

基于高效液相色谱法的建昌帮四制香附指纹图谱相似度评价

目的:研究建昌帮四制香附炮制过程中炮制品HPLC图谱,并与生品香附、醋制香附的HPLC图谱进行相似度评价,从指纹图谱中各成分峰的变化探索四制香附的炮制特色及炮制工艺。方法:选用色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:以甲醇-水二元梯度洗脱(0～10min:甲醇30%～70%,10～35min:甲醇70%～100%);检测波长:250nm;流速:1.0ml/min;进样量:20μl。采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统2004A版"进行评价。结果:l2个香附样品指纹图谱与对照共有峰HPLC指纹图谱比较,中位数相关系数在0.806～0.979之间,均值相关系数在0.863～0.984之间。结论:香附不同炮制品指纹图谱相似度存在差异,综合比较分析含量、共有峰等因素可知建昌帮四制法为较优的炮制方法。     

Bartonella spp. in Bats, Guatemala

To better understand the role of bats as reservoirs of Bartonella spp., we estimated Bartonella spp. prevalence and genetic diversity in bats in Guatemala during 2009. We found prevalence of 33% and identified 21 genetic variants of 13 phylogroups. Vampire bat–associated Bartonella spp. may cause undiagnosed illnesses in humans.     

Do retinal and spinal projections overlap within the turtle thalamus?

The spinal and retinal projections to the turtle thalamus were studied using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Particular attention is given to the regions receiving both spinal and retinal projections: the ovalis complex and a perirotundal stripe. Spinal and retinal projections do not overlap significantly in either of these regions. In the perirotundal stripe there appears to be little likelihood of convergence of these projections on single neurons. In the ovalis complex, the most densely and the most consistently innervated thalamic region, however, the respective spinal and retinal target areas are located immediately adjacent to each other and low order somatosensory and visual projections may converge on single neurons with dendrites extending into both the spinal and retinal terminal arborizations. The ovalis complex in the turtle may be compared with the ventral part of the mammalian lateral geniculate nucleus. Both these nuclei receive spinal and retinal projections and both, reportedly, do not project to the telencephalon. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible evolution of the specific thalamic sensory nuclei in higher mammals as well as to the prosencephalic processing of somatosensory and visual information in turtles and mammals.     

New cycloartane glycosides from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus and their antidepressant activity

Two new cycloartane glycosides, cyprotusides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of IR, MS, NMR spectroscopic analyses coupled with chemical degradation. The potential antidepressant activity of the two compounds was evaluated. In the despair mice models, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antidepressant activity.