An evaluation of numerical integration algorithms for the estimation of the area under the curve (AUC) in pharmacokinetic studies

Six numerical integration algorithms based on linear and log trapezoidal methods as well as four cubic-spline methods were proposed for estimation of area under the curve (AUC). These six different algorithms were implemented using IMSL/IDL^TM command language and evaluated using data simulated under five different dosing conditions and two different sampling conditions. Comparisons between AUC estimations using these six different algorithms and the theoretical results were made in terms of both overall AUC values and the superimposability of the concentration-time profiles. In well designed studies with ample data points, the algorithm based on IMSL/IDL^TM function CSSHAPE with concavity preservation gave the best performance. In contrast, when the frequency of blood collection was limited, the algorithm based on the log trapezoidal rule proved to be stable with reasonable accuracy, and is recommended as the practical method for numerical interpolation and integration in pharmacokinetic studies. Algorithms based on the combination of the log trapezoidal rule and cubic-spline methods using IMSL/IDL^TM function CSSHAPE can be developed to enhance overall performance.     

基于组合不变量配准的数字减影算法

在现代医学中，DSA是X光片血管可视化技术的重要组成部分之一，在DSA中图像配准对消除运动伪影起着关键作用。运用一种基于组合不变量的相似度测量的模板匹配和弹性TPS算法配准减影方法，并根据实际情况有所改进。经过试验证明这种方法可以自动并有效地去除运动伪影，其速度和血管图像质量均比较理想。     

广东省中老年人群睡眠状况与高血压患病的关联性研究

目的 研究广东省中老年人群睡眠状况与高血压患病的关联性,为高血压防控“关口前移”提供科学依据。方法 采用“2018年广东省慢性病及危险因素监测数据”,按照多阶段整群随机抽样方法,纳入5 636名≥45岁中老年人为研究对象。运用SAS 9.4软件进行Rao-Scott 检验和基于复杂抽样构建logistic回归模型分析睡眠状况与高血压患病的关系。运用R 4.0.5软件绘制限制性立方样条曲线分析睡眠时间与高血压患病风险的量效关系。结果 广东省中老年人高血压患病率是37.93%,平均睡眠时间是(7.36±1.61)h; 其中男性平均睡眠时间多于女性,而女性睡眠问题比例显著高于男性。经多因素回归模型控制后,睡眠时间不足或过多(OR=1.280,95%CI:1.128～1.452; OR=1.300,95%CI:1.038～1.627)、入睡困难(OR=1.286,95%CI:1.018～1.626)、中间觉醒≥2次(OR=1.239,95%CI:1.036～1.483)和服用安眠药(OR=1.567,95%CI:1.086～2.261)均使高血压患病风险升高。结论 广东省中老年人群的睡眠时间不足或过多、入睡困难、中间觉醒≥2次和服用安眠药均与高血压患病显著正相关,应对该特征的人群进行干预,旨在降低高血压的患病率。     

长期未转阴新型冠状病毒肺炎患者 血清白蛋白水平与病毒转阴的因果关系探索

[摘要]　目的　初步探索血清白蛋白水平与新型冠状病毒肺炎长期阳性患者病毒转阴之间的因果关系。方法?以病程超过30 d的轻型新型冠状病毒肺炎住院患者为研究对象,采集人口学信息、治疗策略、合并疾病、实验室检查指标信息,以发病后45 d内病毒累积转阴率为因变量,以发病后（30±3）d时的血清白蛋白水平为主要分析变量,以人口学信息、治疗策略、合并疾病、实验室检查结果等其他信息为协变量,采用限制立方样条回归-Cox比例风险回归模型探讨血清白蛋白水平对累积转阴率的影响。结果?共有189例患者纳入分析,其中101例在45 d内实现了病毒转阴。进一步分析发现,30 d时的血清白蛋白水平与45 d病毒累积转阴率之间存在相关性（P = 0.027）。当血清白蛋白＜39 g/L时,低血清白蛋白水平是病毒转阴的危险因素,且血清白蛋白水平越低,风险比（hazard ritio, HR）越高,血清白蛋白越接近39 g/L,HR则越接近1;当血清白蛋白≥39 g/L时,血清白蛋白水平不再是病毒转阴的危险因素。结论?血清白蛋白水平与患者的病毒转阴密切相关,当血清白蛋白＜39 g/L时,血清白蛋白水平越低,越不利于病毒转阴。因此,治疗过程中关注血清白蛋白变化,及时给予干预,可能有利于病毒转阴。     

Optimal control problems with Atangana‐Baleanu fractional derivative

In this paper, we study fractional‐order optimal control problems (FOCPs) involving the Atangana‐Baleanu fractional derivative. A computational method based on B‐spline polynomials and their operational matrix of Atangana‐Baleanu fractional integration is proposed for the numerical solution of this class of problems. With this numerical technique, the FOCPs are reduced to a system of equations which are solved for the unknown parameters with the help of Mathematica® software. Our results show the applicability and usefulness of the numerical technique.     

Solving the Faddeev-Merkuriev Equations in Total Orbital Momentum Representation via Spline Collocation and Tensor Product Preconditioning

The computational approach for solving the Faddeev-Merkuriev equations in total orbital momentum representation is presented. These equations describe a system of three quantum charged particles and are widely used in bound state and scattering calculations. The approach is based on the spline collocation method and exploits intensively the tensor product form of discretized operators and preconditioner, which leads to a drastic economy in both computer resources and time.     

Associations of visit-to-visit fasting glucose with risk of mortality: A retrospective cohort study of 48,077 people with type 2 diabetes

AimTo investigate the association between mean fasting glucose (FG) and variability in visit-to-visit FG and risk of mortality in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 48,077 Chinese men and women with T2D. The yearly mean and coefficient of variation for fasting glucose (mean-FG and FG-CV, respectively) were based on at least two measurements taken each year over a mean duration of 4.5 years. Deaths and their causes were identified using the Shanghai Vital Statistics registry. Mean-FG and FG-CV served as time-dependent variables in Cox models to estimate their associations with risk of mortality; hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for baseline risk factors. Potential non-linear associations were examined by restricted cubic splines.ResultsDuring an average 4.5 years of follow-up, 2095 men and 1923 women died. Men with low mean-FG and women with low or high FG were at greater risk of death. Mean-FG was not associated with either cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer-specific mortality, whereas higher yearly FG-CV was associated with all-cause and CVD-/cancer-specific mortality in both genders. Compared with a yearly FG-CV of 1.76 (5th percentile), men and women with an FG-CV of 14.14 (75th percentile) had HRs (95% CI) of 1.41 (1.24–1.61) and 1.44 (1.26–1.65), respectively, for all-cause mortality.ConclusionVariability of visit-to-visit FG may be a more sensitive predictor of risk of death than mean-FG in people with T2D.     

Generalized partially linear single‐index model for zero‐inflated count data

Count data often arise in biomedical studies, while there could be a special feature with excessive zeros in the observed counts. The zero‐inflated Poisson model provides a natural approach to accounting for the excessive zero counts. In the semiparametric framework, we propose a generalized partially linear single‐index model for the mean of the Poisson component, the probability of zero, or both. We develop the estimation and inference procedure via a profile maximum likelihood method. Under some mild conditions, we establish the asymptotic properties of the profile likelihood estimators. The finite sample performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation studies, and the new model is illustrated with a medical care dataset. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孕期体重变化率与足月产新生儿体重关联剂量反应关系的研究

目的 探讨孕期体重变化率与足月产新生儿出生体重关联强度的剂量反应关系。方法 选取2006年1月至2013年12月江苏省昆山市围产保健监测系统18 868名孕产妇与足月产新生儿为研究对象。使用多因素logistic回归及限制性立方样条法分析产妇孕期体重变化率[即(末次产检体重-初次产检体重)/(末次产检孕周-初次产检孕周)]与足月产新生儿出生体重关联强度及其剂量反应关系。调整因素包括产妇年龄、教育程度、孕前BMI、户籍状态、经产妇、初次产检孕周与胎儿性别。结果 高水平的孕期体重变化率在孕前低BMI(OR=3.15, 95%CI: 1.40~7.07)、正常BMI(OR=3.64, 95%CI: 2.84~4.66)、超重(OR=2.37, 95%CI: 1.71~3.27)的产妇中与分娩足月巨大儿有统计学关联;孕前低BMI(OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.13~0.61)及正常BMI(OR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.22~0.64)产妇与分娩足月低体重儿有统计学关联。孕期体重变化率与分娩足月巨大儿的关联强度呈现非线性“S”形剂量反应关系(非线性检验P<0.000 1);与分娩足月低体重儿的关联强度呈“L”形非线性剂量反应关系(非线性检验P<0.000 1)。结论 孕期体重变化率与分娩足月低体重儿的关联强度呈现“L”形曲线, 而与分娩足月巨大儿的关联强度呈现“S”形曲线。