全文获取类型
收费全文 | 113篇 |
免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1篇 |
妇产科学 | 1篇 |
基础医学 | 10篇 |
口腔科学 | 1篇 |
临床医学 | 1篇 |
内科学 | 16篇 |
特种医学 | 2篇 |
外科学 | 2篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 42篇 |
药学 | 29篇 |
中国医学 | 11篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 1篇 |
2015年 | 10篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 18篇 |
2012年 | 4篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 2篇 |
2009年 | 2篇 |
2008年 | 1篇 |
2007年 | 2篇 |
2006年 | 2篇 |
2005年 | 3篇 |
2004年 | 5篇 |
2003年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有118条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Lauren B. Kleimola Archana B. Patel Jitesh A. Borkar Patricia L. Hibberd 《International journal of occupational and environmental health》2015,21(4):294-302
Background: Over one-third of the world’s population is exposed to household air pollution (HAP) but the separate effects of cooking with solid fuel and kerosene on childhood mortality are unclear.Objectives: To evaluate the effects of both solid fuels and kerosene on neonatal (0-28 days) and child (29 days-59 months) mortality.Methods: We used Demographic and Health Surveys from 47 countries and calculated adjusted relative risks (aRR) using Poisson regression models.Results: The aRR of neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to solid fuels were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.34) and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.30), respectively, and the aRR for neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to kerosene were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.52) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.27), controlling for individual, household, and country-level predictors of mortality.Conclusions: Kerosene should not be classified as a clean fuel. Neonates are at risk for mortality from exposure to solid fuels and kerosene. 相似文献
2.
Anindita Dutta Sanghita Roychoudhury Saswati Chowdhury Manas Ranjan Ray 《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2013,216(3):301-308
To perform sputum analysis for verification of pulmonary changes in premenopausal rural Indian women chronically exposed to biomass smoke during cooking.Three consecutive morning sputum samples were collected from 196 women (median age 34 years) cooking with biomass and 149 age-matched control women cooking with cleaner fuel liquefied petroleum gas. Smears made on slides were stained with Papanicolaou and Perl's Prussian blue. Airway oxidative stress was estimated as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (by flow cytometry) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level (by spectrophotometry) in sputum cells. Airway inflammation was measured as sputum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, -8 and tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α). Particulate matter of diameter less than 10 (PM10) was measured using laser photometer while benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine by HPLC-UV. Compared with control, sputum of biomass users contained more neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, alveolar macrophages, and showed presence of ciliocytophthoria, Charcot-Leyden crystals, Curschmann's spiral. ROS generation was increased by 2-fold while SOD was depleted by 31% in biomass users. They also had higher sputum levels of IL-6, -8 and TNF-α. Levels of PM10 and t,t-MA were 2.9- and 5.8-times higher in biomass-using women. PM10 and t,t-MA levels were positively associated with cellular changes in the sputum, markers of airway inflammation, and oxidative stress. Cooking with biomass alters sputum cytology, and increases airway inflammation and oxidative stress that might result in further amplification of the tissue damaging cascade in women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. 相似文献
3.
Md. Abdul Alim Mohammad Abul Bashar Sarker Shahjada Selim Md. Rizwanul Karim Yoshitoku Yoshida Nobuyuki Hamajima 《Environmental health and preventive medicine》2014,19(2):126-134
Objectives
Burning of biomass fuel (cow-dung, crop residue, dried leaves, wood, etc.) in the kitchen releases smoke, which may impair the respiratory functions of women cooking there. This paper aimed to compare the respiratory symptoms between biomass fuel users and gas fuel users in Bangladesh.Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews and chest examination of 224 adult women using biomass fuel in a rural village and 196 adult women using gas fuel in an urban area.Results
The prevalence of respiratory involvement (at least one among nine symptoms and two diseases) was significantly higher among biomass users than among gas users (29.9 vs. 11.2 %). After adjustment for potential confounders by a logistic model, the odds ratio (OR) of the biomass users for the respiratory involvement was significantly higher (OR = 3.23, 95 % confidence interval 1.30–8.01). The biomass fuel use elevated symptoms/diseases significantly; the adjusted OR was 3.04 for morning cough, 7.41 for nasal allergy, and 5.94 for chronic bronchitis. The mean peak expiratory flow rate of biomass users (253.83 l/min) was significantly lower than that of gas users (282.37 l/min).Conclusions
The study shows significant association between biomass fuel use and respiratory involvement among rural women in Bangladesh, although the potential confounding of urban/rural residency could not be ruled out in the analysis. The use of smoke-free stoves and adequate ventilation along with health education to the rural population to increase awareness about the health effects of indoor biomass fuel use might have roles to prevent these involvements. 相似文献4.
Iara Buriola Trevisan Ubiratan de Paula Santos Marceli Rocha Leite Aline Duarte Ferreira Bruna Spolador de Alencar Silva Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire Gabriel Faustino Santa Brigida Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos Dionei Ramos 《Revista brasileira de otorrinolaringologia (English ed.)》2019,85(3):337-343
IntroductionBurnt sugarcane harvesting requires intense physical exertion in an environment of high temperature and exposure to particulate matter.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of burnt sugarcane harvesting on rhinitis symptoms and inflammatory markers in sugarcane workers.MethodsA total of 32 male sugarcane workers were evaluated with questionnaire for rhinitis symptoms, and for inflammatory markers on peripheral blood and nasal lavage, in the non-harvesting, and 3 and 6 months into the sugarcane harvesting period. Weather data and particulate matter fine concentrations were measured in the same day.ResultsThe particulate matter concentrations in sugarcane harvesting were 27 (23–33 μg/m3), 112 (96–122 μg/m3), and 63 (17–263 μg/m3); 24 h temperatures were 32.6 (25.4–37.4 °C), 32.3 (26.7–36.7 °C) and 29.7 (24.1–34.0 °C) and relative humidities were 45.4 (35.0–59.7%), 47.9 (39.1–63.0%), and 59.9 (34.7–63.2%) in the non-harvesting period, three and 6 months of the harvesting period. The age was 37.4 ± 10.9 years. The prevalence of rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher at 3 months of the harvesting period (53.4%), compared to non-harvesting period (26.7%; p = 0.039) and at 6 months into the harvesting period (20%; p = 0.006). Concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in nasal lavage increased after 3 months of the harvesting period compared to the non-harvesting period (p = 0.012). The presence of rhinitis symptoms, after 3 months of the harvesting period, was directly associated with blood eosinophils and inversely associated with neutrophils.ConclusionsAfter 3 months of work in burnt sugarcane harvesting the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms and IL-6 in nasal lavage increased. Furthermore, eosinophil counts were directly associated with the rhinitis symptoms in the period of higher concentration of particulate matter. 相似文献
5.
6.
Biomass fuels are frequently used in rural areas of the world for cooking and heating frequently. It has been reported that
the use of these fuels causes hazardous effects on the lungs. In this study, we evaluated the pulmonary changes due to the
use of biomass fuels in a female population that lives in our territory by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The
study analyzed three groups of women. The first group comprised those subjects who were exposed to biomass without respiratory
symptoms (group 1; n=32). The second group comprised those individuals that were exposed to biomass and showed respiratory symptoms, such as cough,
sputum production, and dyspnea (group 2; n=30). The third group was composed of women who were not exposed to biomass and also had no respiratory symptoms (group 3; n=30). Women with a history of concomitant pulmonary diseases were excluded from the study. All groups were examined with HRCT.
Groups 1 and 2 (individuals exposed to biomass fuels) had more pathologic findings than group 3 (not exposed to biomass fuels).
Ground-glass appearance was seen in 71.9% in group 1, 23.3% in group 2, and 3.3% in group 3. The difference between the groups
was statistically significant (p<0.05). Fibrotic bands were seen 50% in group 1, 63.3% in group 2, and only 6.7% in group 3 (p<0.001). Exposure to biomass fuels was the cause or predisposing factor for many pulmonary diseases, ranging from chronic
bronchitis to diffuse lung diseases. We believe that these pathological changes due to biomass fuels can be detected earlier
by HRCT and the diseases might be prevented or treated earlier. 相似文献
7.
《Global public health》2013,8(12):1770-1783
ABSTRACTBiomass smoke exposure is a threat to child and maternal health in many resource-limited countries and is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and serious lung diseases in the offspring. We aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability and impact of a midwife-led education programme on biomass risks and prevention for women attending maternity clinics in Uganda. Education materials were co-developed through an iterative process by midwives and other stakeholders. The materials were serially tested and approved by the Ministry of Health and used by midwives and village health teams (VHTs). The district health team, 12 midwives and 40 VHTs were sensitised on biomass smoke. Two hundred and forty-four women were educated about biomass smoke by midwives; pre- and post-session questionnaires showed major improvements in knowledge of biomass smoke risks. Qualitative interviews with women three months after the sessions showed that they made behavioural changes such as avoiding smoke while cooking, using dry wood, solar power for lighting and improved ventilation. The major barrier to behavioural changes was poverty, but some improvements cost no money. The programme delivered by midwives was feasible and acceptable; implementing this programme has the potential to reduce exposure to smoke with major benefits to mother, foetus, and children throughout their lives. 相似文献
8.
目的 了解2014-2015年我国≥40岁女性烹饪生物燃料暴露情况,为生物燃料暴露防控工作提供参考信息。方法 调查对象来源于2014-2015年中国COPD监测。在中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)选取125个监测点,采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,通过面对面询问调查方式收集相关信息,共调查≥40岁女性37 795人。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析不同特征女性烹饪生物燃料暴露情况。结果 纳入分析的有效样本为37 777人。经复杂加权后,我国≥40岁女性人群的烹饪生物燃料暴露率为35.8%(95% CI:29.6%~42.1%),乡村高于城镇(P<0.001)。七大地理区≥40岁女性生物燃料暴露率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=17.03,P=0.009),东北地区最高,华北地区最低。烹饪生物燃料暴露率随文化程度增加呈下降趋势(P<0.001)。结论 我国≥40岁女性人群烹饪生物燃料暴露水平较高,尤其是乡村地区,且存在年龄和地区差异。应根据当地具体情况,因地制宜,采取合适措施降低生物燃料暴露水平。 相似文献
9.
Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Haze, a severe form of outdoor air pollution, affected most parts of northern and eastern China in the past winter. In China, studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of outdoor air pollution and biomass smoke exposure on COPD; and most studies have focused on the role of air pollution in acutely triggering symptoms and exacerbations. Few studies have examined the role of air pollution in inducing pathophysiological changes that characterise COPD. Evidence showed that outdoor air pollution affects lung function in both children and adults and triggers exacerbations of COPD symptoms. Hence outdoor air pollution may be considered a risk factor for COPD mortality. However, evidence to date has been suggestive (not conclusive) that chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution increases the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Cross-sectional studies showed biomass smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. A long-term retrospective study and a long-term prospective cohort study showed that biomass smoke exposure reductions were associated with a reduced decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and with a decreased risk of COPD. To fully understand the effect of air pollution on COPD, we recommend future studies with longer follow-up periods, more standardized definitions of COPD and more refined and source-specific exposure assessments. 相似文献
10.
甘草种苗等级与植株生物量积累及药材产量和质量的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的:研究甘草种苗等级与植株生物量积累、药材产量和质量的关系,为制定种苗标准提供依据。方法:以单根重量为分级指标对甘草种苗进行分级,采用聚类分析方法将种苗聚类分级为3个级别,以级别为处理进行田间试验,连续两年于生长期测定甘草植株鲜重和根干重,实验室测定药材有效成分含量。结果:一级、二级种苗(单根重10.0 g以上)生长期植株的总生物量、根干物质量及产量均大于三级种苗。3年生药材的甘草酸、甘草苷、芹糖基甘草苷和甘草素的含量,一、二级种苗高于三级种苗;不同等级种苗药材甘草酸和甘草苷的含量均高于2010年版中国药典一部标准。结论:种苗等级对甘草药材的质量及产量均有影响,生产上建议选用单根重在10.0g以上的种苗。 相似文献