红细胞沉降率IV──红细胞沉降速度测量的原理和方法

本文从理论上提出了红细胞沉降速度的准确概念，阐明了红细胞沉降过程所包含的物理和生理信息，提出了一种新型测量红细胞沉降速度及其它特征参数的方法，并给出了其主体、硬件和软件设计要点。     

ECLIPS: An extended clinical laboratory information processing system

The clinical laboratory is regarded as a component of the medical care system extending from physician to laboratory staff and back to physician. From this concept a computer-based system of laboratory information is derived, emphasizing: (1) total laboratory responsibility for the test and its request, and (2) physician-oriented output reports.     

A new method of STR interpretation using inferential logic -development of a criminal intelligence database

Abstract A short tandem repeat (STR) system consisting of seven multiplexed loci has recently been introduced in the UK to support a National strategy to create large DNA databases for criminal intelligence purposes. The process uses automated sequencers, employing dye-labelled primers. Identification of tetrameric loci such as HUMTH01 are straightforward. Sizing windows are estimated by running a series of control allelic ladders on several gels and unknown samples are designated if they fall within a defined window. However, utilisation of complex STRs (eg. D21 S 11) characteristically have common variants which differ by just 2 bp. In addition, rare alleles are encountered which may differ by just 1 by from a common variant. To assist with the identification of alleles, we have introduced a series of allelic ladders, so that direct comparisons with unknown samples can be made on the same gel. To designate an allele, it should be within 0.5 by of an allelic ladder marker. Not all alleles (in particular rare alleles) can be included within an allelic ladder, however their expected positions can be easily calculated by reference to existing alleles in the ladder. Measurement of band shift is also a useful diagnostic tool. A series of guidelines are described to enable reliable allelic identification. These guidelines can be converted into computer programmes, which form the basis of an expert system.     

Assessment of microtubule stabilizers by semiautomated in vitro microtubule protein polymerization and mitotic block assays

Paclitaxel (Taxol) a clinically active anticancer agent, exerts its cytotoxicity by inducing tubulin polymerization, leading to cellular mitotic block. In contrast, other antimitotic drugs, such as colchicine, podophyllotoxin, and vinblastine, act by depolymerizing microtubules. We report here (a) a semiautomated assay which measures the tubulin-polymerizing activity of paclitaxel analogs and (b) a cellular assay to measure the potential of these compounds to block cells in mitosis. The microtubule-polymerizing assay measured the turbidity of bovine brain microtubule protein (MTP) polymerized by the test compound in a 96-well plate. We maximized the sensitivity of this assay by conducting the polymerization reaction at 20 °C, at which temperature the baseline reaction, i.e. the basic ability of the untreated MTP control to polymerize, was minimal. At 20 °C, the effect of 0.05 μg/ml of paclitaxel on MTP could be detected, whereas at 37 °C, >1 μg/ml of paclitaxel was required to detect a significant effect relative to untreated MTP. We describe the analysis of the complex curves of MTP polymerization with varying concentrations of test compounds. The polymerization of microtubules leads to cells being blocked in mitosis. This mitotic blocking effect in intact cells was determined using a cell settling chamber which allowed eight samples to be deposited on a slide. This method required a smaller number of cells (10³–10⁵), maintained cell morphology, and allowed for rapid screening of samples. The activity of several new paclitaxel analogs is reported. Received: 9 May 1996 / Accepted: 5 March 1997     

Automated solid-phase extraction and two-step derivatisation for simultaneous analysis of basic illicit drugs in serum by GC/MS

A combination of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent two-step derivatisation has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of basic drugs of abuse and cocaine metabolites in serum samples. Substances included in this procedure are morphine, codeine, methadone, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDEA and MDA. SPE with mixed-mode cartridges (RP-C8 and cation-exchange) was fully automated with a Zymark RapidTrace SPE robot. GC/MS analysis was performed after derivatisation with a new two-step reaction by trifluoroacetic anhydride and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol. High recoveries (> 85%) with high reproducibility (CV 1.1-3.8%) were found for all drugs. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.998) were obtained due to the addition of deuterated standards prior to extraction. Experience obtained over 2 years of applying this method to drug analysis in serum is discussed.     

Performance evaluation of the Becton Dickinson Kiestra™ IdentifA/SusceptA

ObjectivesNew automated modules are required to provide fully automated solutions in diagnostic microbiology laboratories. We evaluated the performance of a Becton Dickinson Kiestra™ IdentifA/SusceptA prototype for MALDI-TOF identification (ID) and Phoenix™ antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST).MethodsThe performance of the IdentifA/SusceptA coupled prototype was compared with manual processing for MALDI-TOF ID on 1302 clinical microbial isolates or ATCC strains and for Phoenix™ M50 AST on 484 strains, representing 61 species.ResultsOverall, the IdentifA exhibited similar ID performances than manual spotting. Higher performances were observed for Gram-negative bacteria with an ID at the species level (score >2) of 96.5% (369/382) and 86.9% (334/384), respectively. A significantly better performance was observed with the IdentifA (95.2%, 81/85) compared with manual spotting (75.2%, 64/85) from colonies on MacConkey agar. Contrariwise, the IdentifA exhibited lower ID performances at the species level than manual processing for streptococci (76.1%, 96/126 compared with 92%, 115/125), coagulase-negative staphylococci (73.3%, 44/60 compared with 90%, 54/60) and yeasts (41.3%, 19/46 compared with 78.2%, 36/46). Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci were similarly identified by the two approaches, with ID rates of 92% (65/70) for the IdentifA and 92.7%, (64/69) for manual processing and 94.8%, (55/58) for the IdentifA and 98.2%, (57/58) for manual processing, respectively. The SusceptA exhibited an AST overall essential agreement of 98.82% (6863/6945), a category agreement of 98.86% (6866/6945), 1.05% (6/570) very major errors, 0.16% (10/6290) major errors, and 0.91% (63/6945) minor errors compared to the reference AST.ConclusionsOverall, the automated IdentifA/SusceptA exhibited high ID and AST performances.     

自动化系统在水痘疫苗半成品配制中的应用

目的 应用自动化系统进行水痘疫苗的半成品配制,以降低劳动强度,提高产品均一性.方法 采用自动化系统完成水痘疫苗的原液稀释和半成品分装,并与人工操作方法进行比较,比较两种方法的清洁、灭菌和保温效果以及疫苗半成品、成品的检定结果.结果 自动化操作可使工作人员减少60％,工时缩短80％.两种方法对容器或罐体的清洗和灭菌效果均达到工艺要求.采用自动化方法保温时温度可控.用自动化操作系统制备的半成品疫苗,其滴度差异小于人工操作方法,变异系数分别为0.00％和2.17％.两种方法生产的成品疫苗的稳定性试验结果均达到标准[病毒滴度不低于3.3 lg蚀斑形成单位(plaque-forming unit,PFU)/0.5 ml].自动化和人工方法生产的成品疫苗于37℃放置7d,病毒滴度分别为3.7和3.6 lgPFU/0.5 ml;于2～8℃放置18个月分别为3.5和3.4 lgPFU/0.5 ml.结论 将自动化系统应用于水痘疫苗的原液稀释、半成品分装,可降低劳动强度,提高产品的均一性.     

Automatic Control of Veno‐Venous Extracorporeal Lung Assist

Veno‐venous extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) can provide sufficient gas exchange even in most severe cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Commercially available systems are manually controlled, although an automatically controlled ECLA could allow individualized and continuous adaption to clinical requirements. Therefore, we developed a demonstrator with an integrated control algorithm to keep continuously measured peripheral oxygen saturation and partial pressure of carbon dioxide constant by automatically adjusting extracorporeal blood and gas flow. The “SmartECLA” system was tested in six animal experiments with increasing pulmonary hypoventilation and hypoxic inspiratory gas mixture to simulate progressive acute respiratory failure. During a cumulative evaluation time of 32 h for all experiments, automatic ECLA control resulted in a peripheral oxygen saturation ≥90% for 98% of the time with the lowest value of 82% for 15 s. Partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide was between 40 and 49 mm Hg for 97% of the time with no value <35 mm Hg or >49 mm Hg. With decreasing inspiratory oxygen concentration, extracorporeal oxygen uptake increased from 68 ± 25 to 154 ± 34 mL/min (P < 0.05), and reducing respiratory rate resulted in increasing extracorporeal carbon dioxide elimination from 71 ± 37 to 92 ± 37 mL/min (P < 0.05). The “SmartECLA” demonstrator allowed reliable automatic control of the extracorporeal circuit. Proof of concept could be demonstrated for this novel automatically controlled veno‐venous ECLA circuit.     

ext quickly and intelligen

ing the system from the implement technology.At the same time,the key technologies to realize the system is also discussed in detail,such as robot technology,analysis of Web page content,the hyperlink structure and Chinese text classification,which includes Chinese words segmentation,feature extraction,feature match and wight value calculating technology etc.Web text inform