Increase in the ratio of serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II during prolonged physical strain and calorie deficiency

Summary Effects of four days of intense physical activity on serum concentrations of total triglycerides, total cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B were studied in 35 well-trained young men. Serum total triglyceride levels decreased to 70% of baseline levels after 24 h, and fell further to 50% of baseline levels after 4 days. Serum levels of total cholesterol fell steadily to about 80% of baseline levels on the 4th day. Apo-B levels fell to 85% of baseline levels after 24 h, and remained at that level. Apo A-I fell to about 90%, and apo A-II to about 80% of baseline levels, causing a significant increase in the ratio of apo A-I to apo A-II. The intraindividual changes in apo B were positively correlated to changes in cholesterol during the first day (r=0.60). The changes in apo A-I and apo A-II had no significant correlation with changes in total cholesterol or triglycerides, or with one another, suggesting that apo A-I and apo A-II are metabolized independently during conditions of hard physical exercise.     

Morphometric analysis of the immunohistochemical expression of Clara cell 10-kDa protein and surfactant apoproteins A and B in the developing bronchi and bronchioles of human fetuses and neonates

 Morphometric analyses of the immunohistochemical expression of the Clara cell secretory 10-kDa protein (CC10) and surfactant apoproteins A and B (SP-A and -B) were carried out on the developing bronchi and bronchioles of human fetuses and neonates. We analysed the ratio of the number of CC10-positive cells per subepithelial length of the bronchial or bronchiolar basement membrane and found that both the bronchial and the bronchiolar population of CC10-positive cells was significantly higher than that of either SP-A or SP-B. In addition, CC10 was found to be distributed mainly in the bronchiole. CC10-positive cells began to be recognized in the late pseudoglandular phase (15 weeks of gestation) and thereafter gradually increased in the canalicular and terminal sac phases, which correspond to the active development period of the acini or peripheral airways. The earliest expression of SP-A was also noted at 15 weeks of gestation, but its positive epithelial cells were present mainly in the larger bronchi. Double immunohistochemical staining for CC10 and SP-A revealed that the CC10-positive cells lining both the bronchi and bronchioles were different from the SP-A-positive cells. This finding suggests that CC10-positive cells are functionally and developmentally heterogeneous in both fetal and neonatal lungs in humans Received: 22 May 1997 / Accepted: 21 July 1997     

脑出血患者载脂蛋白E和血管紧张素转换酶的基因多态性分析

目的探讨载脂蛋白E（apoliportein E,ApoE）和血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）基因多态性与脑出血的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性技术检测80例脑出血患者和90名健康对照者的ApoE和ACE基因型和等位基因。并运用Logis-tic回归分析ApoE和ACE基因多态性与脑出血的相关性。结果脑出血组ApoE的基因型频率和等位基因频率与正常对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义,P〉0.05;ACE的DD基因型频率为35.0%,D等位基因频率为51.9%,明显高于正常对照组的15.6%、38.9%,均P〈0.05;Logistic回归分析显示,ACE的DD基因型的患者患脑出血的OR值为2.923（95%CI：1.406-6.079）;同时携带ACE基因DD型和ApoE E3/4基因型的患者患脑出血的OR值为3.428（95%CI：1.045-11.237）。结论ACE基因插入/缺失多态性可能是脑出血发病的独立遗传因素;与ApoE基因多态性间具有协同致脑出血的作用。     

Coronary risk factors in children of parents with premature coronary artery disease

In order to assess the value of family history of premature coronary artery disease as a criterion for coronary risk factor screening, a group of 53 children with such a family history was selected. We determined various coronary risk factors in these children in comparison to 33 controls. Statistically significant differences were observed in apoprotein concentrations but not in concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins or glucose, or in blood pressure or body mass index. The ratio between apoprotein B and apoprotein A1 was the best discriminator between the two groups. The predictive value of family history is more reliable for detecting abnormal apoprotein ratio than for detection of hypercholestero-lemia. We conclude that if abnormal apoprotein levels during childhood are found to be a valued predictor of premature coronary artery disease, then family history of premature coronary artery disease can be used to select children for determination and assessment of their coronary risk.     

冠心病不同类型血脂与载脂蛋白测定结果分析

探讨血脂与载脂蛋白水平在单纯冠心病引起的心绞痛，急性心肌梗死，心力衰竭的意义。方法：１２５例冠心病患者及４８例正常对照组，采用酶法测定血脂，免疫身浊法测定载脂蛋白。结果：心绞痛和急性心肌梗死组较对照组血脂水平升高，组间无显著性差异，     

Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Suppresses Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) Activity and Proinsulin-like Molecules Independently of Glycaemic Control

Eleven Type 2 diabetic subjects (10 male 1 female: age 56.2 ± 9.7 (SD) yr) were treated in random order either with insulin or with sulphonylureas for 8 weeks each, without attempting to alter glycaemic control between the two treatment periods. Insulin treatment was associated with suppression of endogenous insulin secretion (fasting C-peptide levels -35.0 ± 24.2%; p = 0.006), and of intact proinsulin (-43.1 ± 36.8%; p = 0.03) and 32,33 split proinsulin -20.1 ± 27.0%; p = 0.03). Activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), a fast acting inhibitor of fibrinolysis, decreased significantly (-14.3% ± 27.5 %; p = 0.02) but no changes occurred in concentration of lipoproteins or apoproteins between therapies. Changes in concentrations of 32,33 split and intact proinsulin were closely and significantly related (r_s = 0.83; p < 0.001) to each other but not with changes in concentrations of C-peptide (intact proinsulin r_s = -0.41; p = 0.11) and 32,33 split proinsulin r_s = -0.27; (p = 0.21). Percentage changes in intact proinsulin concentrations were positively correlated with those in PAI-1 (r_s = 0.51; p = 0.05). There was, however a paradoxical negative relationship between changes in C-peptide concentrations and those of PAI-1 (r_s = -0.73; p = 0.006). These preliminary observations suggest that insulin treatment in Type 2 diabetic subjects without any changes in glycaemic control is associated with a reduced activity of PAI-1, but is without effect on any other cardiovascular risk factors. Concentrations of insulin precursor molecules may play a role in determining fibrinolytic activity.     

Increased removal of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

We studied the effect of two diets, one rich in polyunsaturated and the other in saturated fatty acids, on the postprandial processing of exogenous and endogenous triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, and their remnants). For this purpose, 12 normolipidaemic young volunteers were fed, in a cross-over design of 9 days on each diet, either a diet rich in saturated fat (21% of their daily energy intake from saturated fat, 12% from monounsaturated fat, and 3% from polyunsaturated fat) or a diet rich in polyunsaturated fat (10% saturated fat, 9% monounsaturated fat, and 18% polyunsaturated fat) (P/S ratios 0.14 and 1.8, respectively). On the last day of each dietary period blood samples were drawn six times over a 24-h period for determination, by densitometric scanning of SDS gels, of the diurnal pattern of apoprotein B-48 and B-100 in the d less than 1.019 g ml-1 fractions, as estimates for the processing of chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins. In addition to the usual decrease in the fasting and diurnal concentrations of total serum cholesterol and of cholesterol in the low-density lipoprotein fractions (between 15 and 21%), the diet rich in polyunsaturated fat resulted in 43% lower daily concentrations of chylomicrons and their remnants. This was due to differences in the clearance rate of chylomicrons and their remnants, rather than to differences in the absorption rate of exogenous fat. In addition, the concentrations of very low density lipoproteins and their remnants during the day were 20% lower on the diet rich in polyunsaturated fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lack of a persistent reduction in serum lipid and apoprotein levels in insulin-dependent diabetic patients receiving intensified insulin treatment

Summary Type I insulin-dependent diabetic patients have an increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease that may be determined in part by their tendency to develop circulating lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. The occurrence of such findings in asymptomatic ambulant Type I patients with mild or moderate hyperglycemia might suggest that conventional methods of insulin treatment are as inefficient at normalizing lipid abnormalities as they are in achieving euglycemia. It would then be important to ascertain whether intensive methods of insulin treatment effectively normalized lipid levels. Ten insulin-dependent young adult diabetic patients were studied on a conventional insulin treatment regimen and then at two-monthly intervals for a six-month period during which they were managed by three different intensified insulin treatment regimens. Plasma glucose levels improved substantially (p<0.001) after two months of intensified therapy (106±4 mg/dl) and did not change significantly thereafter for the remaining four months of intensified insulin treatment. Apart from a short-lived decrease in total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol after two months of intensified treatment (baseline total triglyceride 116±13 mg/dl, total cholesterol 174±16 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol 46±3 mg/dl). There were no persistent changes in serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol or in levels of their major apoproteins A-I, A-II and B. These findings support the contention that, despite moderate hyperglycemia, conventional insulin treatment may be adequate to maintain normal lipid levels. In such circumstances achievement of euglycemia by intensified insulin therapy leads to little change in circulating lipid and lipoprotein values.     

Further increase in high density lipoprotein in trained males after enhanced training

Summary Eight well-trained males were studied before, during and after 6 months of a progressively increased amount of endurance training in order to elucidate the effects on the apoproteins and apo-lipoproteins. Initially high HDL-cholesterol levels were revealed (1.62±0.15 mmol×l^–1, mean ± SE.). After a transient but not significant, slight decline at the onset of the increased training program (1.57±0.06 mmol×l^–1) HDL-cholesterol increased gradually to the end of the training period (1.92±0.12 mmol×l^–1). There was an increased aerobic capacity as judged by maximal oxygen uptake and by lactate concentration during standardized submaximal work. However, at the end of the training period, a levelling off in maximal oxygen uptake was revealed, while HDL-cholesterol was still increasing. The present data demonstrate that HDL can be influenced by training at all levels of aerobic capacity.     

Protein and lipid metabolism in nephrotic infants on peritoneal dialysis after nephrectomy

Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) is associated with protein deficiency despite substantial protein supplementation in the nephrotic state before nephrectomy. Different protein intakes (2.5 vs. 3.7 g/kg per day) in hypoproteinaemic children on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) were studied. Lipids were also measured to determine whether severe atherogenic abnormalities seen during nephrosis improved after nephrectomy. Growth was normal or became normal with both protein intakes. Serum pre-albumin and transferrin concentrations became normal. Total protein (57±3.0 vs. reference limits 60–75 g/l) and albumin (28±5.0 vs. reference limits 30–50 g/l) concentrations improved but remained below normal, even with the higher protein intake. Muscle mass determined by measuring femoral quadriceps muscle thickness using ultrasound was markedly reduced in all patients at nephrectomy. It improved (P<0.05) in all but 2 patients who had several bacterial infections, but reached normal level in only 3 patients within 6 months. Plasma total, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglyceride concentrations decreased (P<0.05,P<0.05 andP<0.01, respectively) and VLDL, LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles contained less triglyceride than in the nephrotic state. HDL cholesterol concentrations increased by 28% [0.58±0.22 mmol/l during nephrosis, 0.81±0.21 mmol/l on CCPD after nephrectomy (P<0.05)] but remained below the level of 1.38±0.75 mmol/l in normal controls (P<0.001). If compared with controls there were still significant abnormalities in lipoprotein concentrations on CCPD. Hence, a protein intake of 2.5 g/kg per day representing 140% of the recommended dietary allowance is sufficient to maintain normal growth and improve nutritional and protein status in CNF patients on CCPD. Although lipid levels improved they remained abnormal.