正常与病态下嗓音的客观指标的评价

对158例正常人和136例各种喉疾病患者连续元音[i]发声时的平均气流率、声强、频率、频率微扰商和发声效率同步进行了测定.并对各测定指标间的相互关系进行了探讨.频率微扰商是表示连续元音发声时声带振动相邻周期间的微细变动量;发声效率反映平均气流率与声能的有效转换率.在低、中和高强度发声时.随发声强度的提高,平均气流率.频率和发声效率随之提高而频率微扰商则变小.中等声强发声时.平均气流率与声强,声强与频率均呈正相关;而平均气流率与发声效率.声强(男性)和频率(女性)与频率微扰商均呈负相关.多数喉疾病患者显示出较正常人高的平均气流率和频率微扰商,发声效率则降低.当声强和频率作为参考指标时,平均气流率,频率微扰商和发声效率可作为评价喉发声功能的客观、定量指标.     

The aerodynamics of running socks: Reality or rhetoric?

Aim

The primary objective of this study was to test the aerodynamic properties of a selection of running and general sports socks.

Methods and procedures

Eleven pairs of socks were tested in a specially constructed rig which was inserted into a fully calibrated wind tunnel. Wind test speeds included 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 and 45 m/s.

Results

There was no significant difference between any of the socks tested for their aerodynamic properties. The drag coefficients calculated for each sock varied proportionally with the Reynolds number. No particular sock was more aerodynamic than any of the socks tested.

Conclusion

There is no evidence that a sock that is “aerodynamically designed” will help an athlete go faster. This may be more product rhetoric than reality, and further work is justified if such claims are being made.     

The onset of allergic rhinitis in Japanese atopic children: a preliminary prospective study

Conclusion. The new Provox® NID? non-indwelling voice prosthesis investigated in this study provides a good option for laryngectomized patients using non-indwelling voice prostheses and can potentially improve safety and increase patients’ satisfaction with their voice and speech. Objective. To investigate the feasibility of and patient satisfaction with the Provox NID non-indwelling voice prosthesis. Material and methods. Pre- and post-study questionnaires were used to evaluate the patients’ former voice prosthesis and the Provox NID voice prosthesis. In addition, measurements of pull-out force, maximum phonation time and loudness were made for both voice prostheses. In vitro measurements of airflow characteristics were also made. Following a 6-week trial, all patients provided feedback on the new voice prosthesis and the results were used to further improve the Provox NID. This final version of the new voice prosthesis was subsequently trialled and evaluated by 10 patients 6 months later. Results. Overall results showed that patient satisfaction with the Provox NID non-indwelling voice prosthesis was favourable. The pull-out force for the new prosthesis was significantly higher than that for the formerly used prosthesis and its aerodynamic characteristics were better.     

声带息肉与声带小结患者发声空气动力学研究

目的探讨声带息肉、声带小结患者发声时空气动力学指标的变化。方法采用嗓音功能分析仪（Aerophone II Voice Function Analyzer）对30例声带息肉、28例声带小结患者及30例正常人进行发声空气动力学检测,对平均气流率（mean airflow rate）、口腔压（intraoral pressure）、声门阻力（glottal resistance）、声门效率（glottal efficiency）进行分析、比较。结果声带息肉、声带小结患者的平均气流率、声门阻力、声门效率分别为254．50±36．02ml／s、33．55±4．63cmH2O／（L·S）、2．46±1．49和177．45±25．93ml／s、38．83±8．88cmH20／（L·S）、7．75±3．71,与正常人118．44±29．98ml／s、53．04±8．64cmH2O／（L·S）、9．17±3．87比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;声带息肉患者声门下压力为8．97±1．36cmH2O,与正常人6．24±0．99cmH2O比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;声带息肉与声带小结患者平均气流率、声门下压力和声门效率比较,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论声带息肉患者的声门闭合程度、发声时的效率比声带小结患者更差,空气动力学检测可以对声带息肉、声带小结患者的嗓音功能作出量化的、客观的评价。     

Particle image velocimetry measurements for the study of nasal airflow

Conclusions. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) permits investigation of the distribution and velocity of the airflow in the nasal cavity. During breathing, the main laminar flow stream passes through the middle meatus and turbulent flow can be detected under physiologic conditions. Objectives. Physical models or casts of the nasal cavity have been utilized in several studies in an effort to understand its aerodynamics. PIV is a new technique for measuring the aerodynamic properties of tubular structures. In this article we evaluate nasal airflow characteristics during physiologic breathing under normal conditions and the usefulness of PIV. Material and methods. A nasal model cast obtained by a combination of rapid prototyping and solidification of clear silicone was connected to a pump which simulated the physiological pressure in the upper airway system. A glycerol–water mixture was used as the flow material. The airstream was marked with spherical polyvinyl particles, observed through solidified clear silicone and analyzed using PIV. Results. The main flow within the cavity, which was mostly laminar, passed through the middle meatus. Turbulence was clearly visible in the anteroinferior part of the middle turbinate. The flow rate was highest at the middle meatus during inspiration and expiration.     

Ball flight kinematics,release variability and in‐season performance in elite baseball pitching

The purpose of this study was to quantify ball flight kinematics (ball speed, spin rate, spin axis orientation, seam orientation) and release location variability in the four most common pitch types in baseball and relate them to in‐season pitching performance. Nine NCAA Division I pitchers threw four pitching variations (fastball, changeup, curveball, and slider) while a radar gun measured ball speed and a 600‐Hz video camera recorded the ball trajectory. Marks on the ball were digitized to measure ball flight kinematics and release location. Ball speed was highest in the fastball, though spin rate was similar in the fastball and breaking pitches. Two distinct spin axis orientations were noted: one characterizing the fastball and changeup, and another, the curveball and slider. The horizontal release location was significantly more variable than the vertical release location. In‐season pitching success was not correlated to any of the measured variables. These findings are instructive for inferring appropriate hand mechanics and spin types in each of the four pitches. Coaches should also be aware that ball flight kinematics might not directly relate to pitching success at the collegiate level. Therefore, talent identification and pitching evaluations should encompass other (e.g., cognitive, psychological, and physiological) factors.     

空军飞行员颈肌强度的研究

目的 研究空军飞行员颈部各肌群的强度及其在航空动力环境中的意义。方法 采用CME-1飞行员颈肌训练器对149名空军飞行员颈部前、后、左、右肌群进行等长测试。每一个方向测量10次,10次中最大峰值作为该侧肌群的强度;计算每侧10次测试的峰值均值与肌群强度比值,反映飞行员的耐力。结果 空军飞行员前、后、左、右各肌群的强度分别为（132．0±42.2）N、（205.2±82.2）N、（174.3±76.4）N和（191.2±78.3）N,前屈和后伸肌群分别与其他肌群比较有显著性差异（P<0.001）,左、右侧屈肌群之间的比较亦有显著性差异（P＜0.001）,前屈肌群强度最小,后伸肌群强度最大,左右侧肌群强度居中,且右侧肌强度大于左侧。前、后、左、右各肌群反复测试10次的各次最大肌力均值与肌强度之比分别为74.24%、72.86%、72.75%和68.72%。结论 为了充分发挥高性能战斗机的机动性能,最大限度地减少加速度导致的飞行员颈部损伤,应鼓励空军飞行员在地面进行颈肌强度训练,并掌握好飞行过程中头部控制技术。     

军机飞行员的颈部损伤研究

目的调查飞行员的颈部损伤现状,分析导致颈部损伤的因素和飞行员的颈部损伤对飞行训练的影响,为开展相应的生理研究和开发工程解决方案提出建议。方法对1924名军机飞行员进行问卷调查,涉及初教机、强击机、歼击机、轰炸机、运输机及直升机飞行员。调查分为两部分:(1)飞行员基本情况,包括:单位、年龄、机种、飞行时间、身高、体重;(2)颈部损伤情况,包括:颈部症状、颈部症状对飞行的影响、导致颈部损伤的原因等。对调查结果进行统计分析。结果本研究调查表明71.3%的飞行员曾有过颈部不适症状,60.4%的飞行员颈部不适发生在飞行中;有33.7%的飞行员曾有过颈部疼痛症状,19.2%的飞行员的颈部疼痛症状发生在飞行中;飞行加速度、头盔重量及飞行日留空时间过长是导致飞行员颈部症状的主要原因。轰炸机飞行员发生颈部不适和疼痛的比例最高。结论颈部损伤已成为我军飞行员的常见病与多发病,飞行员的颈部损伤已影响到日常的飞行训练,且随着歼、强击机飞行员的飞行载荷及飞行训练强度的增加,飞行员的颈部损伤还会呈上升趋势。因此,应高度重视军机飞行员的颈部损伤问题,对此问题的生理研究及工程解决方案还需进行深入研究。     

空气动力学在测试呼吸与发声关系中的临床应用

目的 研究正常人呼吸与发声关系。测定正常人的各项空气动力学指标,以期建立一种无创伤性的噪音检查方法,能够对噪音功能做出正确的评估。方法 应用空气动力学方法,使用噪音功能分析仪（Ａｅｒｏｐｏｎｅ Ⅱ Ｍｏｄｅｌ ６８００）和可视音调仪（Ｖｉｓｉｐｉｔｃｈ６０９７）,先记录下受试者的肺活量,再嘱受试者在自然舒适的音调和声音强度下,尽可能地发元音／ａ：／,同时记录最长发声时间、平均气流率、平均音调、声音     

Body size as a determinant of the 1-h cycling record at sea level and altitude

This study was designed to validate models for predicting the two Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) classifications for the 1-h cycling record at sea level and altitude. Specific attention was paid to the integration of model components that were sensitive to scaling differences in body mass (m_b). The Modern Aero Position model predicted UCI Best Hour performances using predictions of total projected frontal area (A_P) that included use of an aerodynamic bicycle and aerodynamic handlebars. The Traditional Racing Position model predicted UCI Hour Record performances using predictions of total A_P that include use of a Merckx-era bicycle with drop-style handlebars. Prediction equations for A_P, as well as the coefficient of drag and metabolic power output , involved scaling relationships with m_b, while other model components were similar to previously published 1-h models. Both models were solved for the distance cycled in 1 h (D_HR) using an iterative strategy. Chris Boardmans current records for the UCI Best Hour Performance (56.375 km) and the UCI Hour Record (49.202 km) were underpredicted by only 0.332 km (-0.6%) and 0.239 km (-0.5%). Both models, regardless of altitude, suggested that D_HR should scale with m_b to the +0.174 power (D_HRm_b^+0.174), which is lower than the +0.32 exponent recently suggested in the literature. Lastly, the same models also predicted that six-time Tour de France winner, Lance Armstrong, could exceed both of Boardmans current records at sea level by about 2.0 km.