Tissu adipeux : glande endocrine polyvalente

Research on the adipose tissue secretions has undergone a major inflection for a few years. The investigators became aware that the biology of the various cells of the stroma-vascular fraction of adipose tissue was to be taken into account to include/understand the diversity of the secretions. The adipose tissue is a site of production of adipokines (strictly synthesized and secreted by the adipocyte), of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and of acute phase reactant proteins. Cells of the stroma-vascular fraction (monocytes/macrophages, microvascular endothelial cells…) have a secretory importance neglected up to now. The action of both major adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) will be more particularly evoked while considering the diversity of action of the other most current factors. Finally some secreted products more recently discovered (apelin, autotaxin, visfatin.), whose properties are still in the course of exploration, will be also mentioned.     

体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞多向分化潜能的研究

目的研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞等不同组织细胞多向分化的潜能。方法从SD大鼠股骨骨髓中获得间充质干细胞,原代培养后1∶2传代,传至第5代后分为普通传代培养组、神经细胞诱导组、成骨细胞诱导组和脂肪细胞诱导组。倒置相差显微镜下观察各组细胞生长情况、形态变化以及矿化结节和脂肪细胞的形成;流式细胞检测第5代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD29、CD44、CD90、CD31、CD34、CD45;免疫组织化学检测普通传代培养组和神经细胞诱导组细胞巢蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶等神经细胞相关蛋白的表达情况。结果大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞呈贴壁生长,细胞扩增至第5代时形态趋于一致,呈梭形。大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD29(99.83%)、CD44(99.77%)、CD90(99.86%)均呈阳性表达,CD31(0.83%)、CD34(1.78%)、CD45(2.90%)无表达。在体外,普通传代培养细胞仅巢蛋白呈阳性表达;由神经细胞诱导的细胞巢蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶均呈阳性表达,且形态类似神经细胞;由成骨细胞诱导的细胞质内可见矿化结节形成;由脂肪细胞诱导的细胞质内出现多个猩红色呈簇状的脂肪滴。结论大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞易于提取、纯化和扩增,可于体外自发表达神经干细胞标志蛋白,并可通过诱导向神经细胞、成骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化。提示骨髓间充质干细胞不仅具有多向分化潜能,而且可能具有自发向神经干细胞分化的特性。     

地塞米松促进胎儿主动脉血管CD105+间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化

目的:研究来自胎儿血管壁内的CD₁₀₅⁺细胞是否具有间充质干细胞的特性,地塞米松是否促进其向脂肪细胞分化。方法:免疫组化检测CD105阳性的细胞在胎儿主动脉分布,分离主动脉血管的成纤维样细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫表型,并接种在脂肪分化和成骨分化的诱导培养液中培养,油红O和VonKossa染色及透射电镜鉴定脂滴和钙化基质沉淀的形成。结果:CD105阳性的细胞分布在主动脉血管内膜的内皮细胞,部分中膜和外膜。分离到的细胞CD105、CD106、CD29、CD44阳性,CD34、CD31、CD11a、CD11b、HLA-DR为阴性。油红O和VonKossa染色分别显示脂滴和钙化基质形成。电镜下诱导的脂肪细胞胞浆中可见有包膜脂滴,诱导的成骨细胞胞浆内外电子密度高的钙盐沉积。诱导液中无地塞米松,未见含大脂滴的脂肪细胞。结论:分离到主动脉壁CD₁₀₅⁺细胞具有间充质干细胞的特性,并且地塞米松促进其向脂肪细胞分化,提示血管内的细胞可以向脂肪分化可能与动脉粥样硬化的病理发生过程可能相关。     

A novel adipokine WISP1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cell injury in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway

BackgroundTo study the effect of WISP1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell injury in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.MethodLentivirus was transiently transfected into log phase 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which were then treated with LPS at a concentration of 10 μg/mL for 24 h. The cells were divided into the following groups: group A (control, untreated cells); group B (LPS-treated cells); group C (GFP), cells transfected with lentivirus-containing GFP; group D (GFP+LPS), group C treated with LPS;group E (WISP1OE), cells transfected with lentivirus, group F (shNC+LPS), cells transfected with lentivirus-containing nshRNA treated with LPS; group G (shWISP1 +LPS), cells transfected with lentivirus-containing shRNA treated with LPS; group H (WISP1OE+LPS), group E treated with LPS; group I (WISP1OE+LPS+LY294002), group E treated with LPS followed by LY294002 for 24 h.ResultsWISP1 overexpression notably ameliorated cell apoptosis, accompanied with the increased expression of bcl-2, the decreased expressions of bax and cleaved-caspase-3, and promoted the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. WISP1 knockdown exhibited the opposite results. In addition, WISP1 stimulated Akt phosphorylation and reduced nuclear translocation of Fork head box protein O3 (FoxO3a) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated by LPS. The inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway diminished the protective effect of WISP1.ConclusionWISP1 prevents 3T3-L1 adipocytes from being injured by LPS by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.     

非诺贝特对兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解氧化型低密度脂蛋白及CD36表达的影响

为了解非诺贝特对高胆固醇血症兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解氧化型低密度脂蛋白的影响并探讨其可能机制 ,将 10只新西兰大白兔给予高胆固醇饲料饲养 8周后 ,随机分为高胆固醇组和非诺贝特治疗组 ,非诺贝特组在饲以高胆固醇饲料的基础上给予非诺贝特 (每天 30mg kg) ,共 4周。另设普通饮食对照组 5只。实验结束后 ,取皮下脂肪组织行脂肪细胞培养 ,放射配基法测定脂肪细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的摄取及降解 ,半定量逆转录—聚合酶链反应测定脂肪细胞CD36及过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γmRNA的表达。结果发现 ,3组兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白均呈现一浓度依赖性饱和型曲线 ,高胆固醇组脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白明显低于对照组 ;非诺贝特组脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白高于高胆固醇组 ,但仍低于对照组 ,3组间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。逆转录聚合酶链反应发现 ,高胆固醇组过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ及CD36mRNA表达降低 ,非诺贝特组CD36mRNA表达与对照组相似。以上提示 ,非诺贝特能改善高胆固醇血症兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白 ,并上调CD36mRNA的表达。     

甘精胰岛素对体外培养的人脂肪细胞脂肪因子分泌及脂质合成与分解的影响

目的 探讨甘精胰岛素对体外培养的人脂肪细胞脂肪因子分泌及脂质合成与分解的影响.方法 原代培养人皮下前脂肪细胞,采用不同浓度的甘精胰岛素（20、200、500、1 000、1 500nmol/L）干预其分化过程,酶联免疫吸附法检测分化过程中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、瘦素、脂联素、视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）的分泌情况,比色法检测细胞内甘油三酯（TG）合成及培养基中甘油的释放量,实时定量聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测脂肪分化标志基因：过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ（PPAR-γ）、CCAAT促进结合蛋白α（C/EBPα）以及脂联素、RBP4、脂质代谢基因脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白（aP2）、激素敏感性酯酶（LPL）转录情况.组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用.结果（1）人脂肪组织可分离出前脂肪细胞,并诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,随着细胞的分化成熟,TNF-α、瘦素、脂联素、RBP4的分泌逐渐增加.（2）随着细胞的分化,细胞内TG含量逐渐增加,分化第15天时达峰值[（12.16±0.19）比（0.02 ±0.00） mmol·L-1·g-1,t=11.20,P＜0.001];培养基中甘油含量与甘精胰岛素浓度呈正相关,1 500比500nmol/L组增高[21 d：（961±15）比（611±10） μmol/L,t =3.70,P＜0.01],与分化时间无关.（3）RT-PCR结果：PPAR-γ、C/EBPα、脂联素、RBP4、aP2、LPL基因转录水平随着分化时间的延长逐渐增加,在第15 ～21天达峰值,与分化前比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）.结论 甘精胰岛素可诱导体外培养的人前脂肪细胞的分化,促进多种脂肪细胞因子的分泌,中低浓度促进脂质合成,高浓度可诱导脂质分解.     

Up-regulation of leptin in adipocytes exposed to high glucose and its effect in peritoneal angiogenesis

Objective By simulating a high-glucose condition of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid, to explore the effect of high glucose on the expression of leptin and its relationship with peritoneal angiogenesis. Methods Adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 were divided into high glucose group (139 mmol/l glucose) and high mannitol group. Leptin levels in supernatant collected at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h were measured by ELISA. Endothelial cells (ECs) were respectively cultured with normal glouse, high glucose, high mannitol condition, supernatants of adipocyte induced by normal glouse, high glucose and high mannitol, high glucose supernatants+leptin antibody, and high mannitol supernatants+leptin antibody. Tubular structure formation and migration of ECs were detected. Results Adipocytes exposed to high glucose for 48 h produced more leptin as compared with control group, high mannitol group, 12 h-high glucose group and 24 h-high glucose group (all P＜0.05). Compared with ECs in normal group, ECs in high glucose had less tubular structure formation and increased migration (all P＜0.01). Compared with those of ECs in high glucose, the tubular structure formation and the migration of ECs in adipocyte supernatants induced by high glucose had increased (all P＜0.01), and these effects were reduced by leptin antibody (all P＜0.01). Conclusion There is an up-regulation of leptin in adipocytes exposed to high glucose, which may be an alternative way to prevent peritoneal angiogenesis.