低剂量CT三维重建在儿童腺样体肥大所致上气道顺应性改变评估中的应用

目的 研究低剂量CT三维重建技术对儿童腺样体肥大所致上气道顺应性改变的客观评估价值.方法 随机选取2014年9月—2015年6月该院收治的30例腺样体肥大患儿为观察组,以同期于该院进行健康体检的30例腺样体正常儿童为对照组.观察组患儿行CT低剂量扫描与症状计分表调查,并与对照组儿童的CT低剂量扫描后三维测量指标进行比较.结果观察组单位鼻咽腔的容积(rNPV)与鼻咽气道最狭窄处面积(rNPA)比值均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且rNPA与症状严重程度呈负相关;rNPV与症状严重程度两者之间不存在相关关系.结论 使用低剂量CT三维重建技术可对腺样体肥大所导致的儿童上气道顺应性改变进行客观评估,值得临床推广.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎应用一次性湿热交换器的预防效果研究

目的:研究分析应用一次性湿热交换器预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法:选取重度颅脑外伤住院患者90例,全部患者均构建人工气道,以随机数字法将其划分成研究组与对照组,两组患者例数均为45例,研究组患者应用一次性湿热交换器,对照组患者应用常规湿化,对比分析两组患者1 h后气道内平均温度、湿化满意度、多重耐药菌感染率以及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。结果:和对照组相比较,研究组1 h后气道内平均温度(26.2±1.3℃)和湿化满意度(93.3%)均比较高,同时多重耐药菌感染率(4.4%)和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率(2.2%)少,组间数据比较差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经研究结果的分析可知,对于机械通气患者应用一次性湿热交换器,可预防和减少呼吸机相关性肺炎和多重耐药菌感染的的发生,同时还可提高患者湿化满意度,有利于治疗效果和预后的改善,值得应用与推广。     

52例非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化的护理体会

目的总结52例带有人工气道患者非机械通气时气道湿化的护理体会。方法持续气道加温湿化;充分补充水分,保证液体平衡;加强基础护理及心理护理;严密观察病情,准确评估湿化效果。结果 52例患者中有3例出现湿化过度,改为间断湿化。均无气道阻塞、出血、痰痂形成,湿化效果满意。结论对非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化时采取正确的护理方法,可提高湿化效果,避免并发症的发生。     

经鼻导管高流量吸氧与经鼻气道正压通气在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值比较

目的：比较经鼻导管高流量吸氧（HFNC）与经鼻气道正压通气（nCPAP）在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值，为临床治疗方案的选择提供参考。方法：选取2016年12月至2018年12月我院儿科收治的重症毛细支气管炎患儿90例，采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各45例。两组患儿入院后均给予常规综合治疗以保证呼吸道通畅，在此基础上观察组采用HFNC治疗，对照组采用nCPAP治疗，比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗24 h后呼吸频率、经皮血氧饱和度（TcSO2）、呼吸窘迫评分体系（CSS）评分、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）等呼吸相关指标及治疗前后临床症状体征改善情况。结果：两组患儿治疗24 h后呼吸频率、CSS评分均降低，且观察组降低程度更大，TcSO2、PaO2于治疗24 h后升高，观察组升高幅度较对照组明显；治疗后两组患儿咳嗽及肺部湿啰音、肺部炎症情况均改善，观察组症状体征消失时间早于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：重症毛细支气管炎患儿采用HFNC治疗可明显改善通气功能和临床症状，治疗效果优于nCPAP治疗，可扩大样本量进一步观察。     

沙美特罗氟替卡松对COPD患者的治疗效果及安全性分析

目的探讨沙美特罗氟替卡松在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中的治疗效果及安全性。方法选取2014年4月至2015年7月我院收治的COPD患者92例,随机分为两组。对照组行常规治疗,研究组在对照组基础上给予沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗。两组患者均连续治疗6个月。比较两组的疗效及不良反应发生率。结果研究组的总有效率为97.83%,显著高于对照组的82.61%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组的关节痛发生率为23.91%,显著高于对照组的2.17%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者皮疹、水肿、胃肠不适发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗COPD患者可提高疗效,但长期使用可引起患者骨密度下降,发生关节疼痛,临床中应针对性进行预防。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.