A presenilin 1 mutation (L420R) in a family with early onset Alzheimer disease,seizures and cotton wool plaques,but not spastic paraparesis

Over 100 mutations in the presenilin‐1 gene (PSEN1) have been shown to result in familial early onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD), but only a relatively few give rise to plaques with an appearance like cotton wool (CWP) and/or spastic paraparesis (SP). A family with EOAD, seizures and CWP was investigated by neuropathological study and DNA sequencing of the PSEN1 gene. Aβ was identified in leptomeningeal vessels and in cerebral plaques. A single point mutation, p.L420R (g.1508T > G) that gives rise to a missense mutation in the eighth transmembrane (TM8) domain of PS1 was identified in two affected members of the family. p.L420R (g.1508T > G) is the mutation responsible for EOAD, seizures and CWP without SP in this family.     

老年及老年前期重症肌无力的手术治疗(附23例报告)

目的总结胸腺切除术治疗老年及老年前期重症肌无力的临床效果。方法对1981年～2001年在我院行胸腺切除治疗的23例老年及老年前期重症肌无力患者的手术疗效进行回顾分析。结果在所有重症肌无力患者中老年及老年前期患者所占比例小,男性为多见;全身型为主,合并胸腺瘤及危象者多;手术总有效率43.5％。结论老年及老年前期重症肌无力的手术疗效较青壮年为差,但仍是可选择的一种重要方法。     

老年危重病人人工气道气囊压力监测及护理

[目的 ]探讨人工气道气囊压力监测在老年危重病人气管导管护理中的应用价值。 [方法 ]将 60例建立人工气道的老年危重病人随机分成两组 ,实验组应用PORTEX专用气囊压力监测表注气测压 ,对照组采用传统的手指捏感法注气 ;用呼吸机检查漏气情况 ,并比较两组病人的气囊注气容积、气囊压力及并发症发生率。 [结果 ]实验组气囊压力为 2 .45 2kPa±0 .490kPa时 ,气囊容积为 10 .0mL± 4.7mL ,呼吸机检查不漏气 ;对照组气囊压力为 3 .92 3kPa± 0 .73 6kPa时 ,气囊容积为 15 .0mL± 5 .1mL ,呼吸机检查不漏气。两组病人气管黏膜损伤、气囊破裂发生率比较有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组病人误吸、食管气管瘘发生率比较无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。 [结论 ]建立人工气道的老年危重病人气囊压力维持在1.961kPa～ 2 .942kPa ,能有效避免误吸的发生和气管黏膜的损伤。     

3261例老年患者医院感染分析及对策

目的　探讨老年人医院感染状况 ,以采取有效措施降低医院感染率。方法　对我院 3 2 61例老年住院患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果　 3 2 61例中 2 1 2例发生医院感染 ,感染率为 6 .5 % ,以下呼吸道感染为多 ,占 49.5 % ;其次为泌尿道感染 ,占 2 2 .0 % ;胃肠道感染占 1 6 .5 % ;皮肤感染占 6 .6 % ;其他感染占 5 .2 %。结论　老年患者抵抗力低下 ,不合理使用抗生素以及住院时间延长 ,是造成医院感染的主要因素 ,因此应加强老年患者的护理 ,提高其自身防御能力 ,严格加强感染管理制度及医院感染监测 ,合理使用抗生素 ,以有效地降低医院感染的发生。     

老年重症急性胰腺炎手术治疗探讨

目的：讨论老年重症急性胰腺炎的手术治疗。方法：我院1984年1月－2000年10月共收治60岁以上手术证实的重症急性胰腺炎26例，本对其手术治疗的方法和时机以及相应的并发症和死亡率进行回顾性分析。结果：本组术后死亡6例，其中4例死于MOF，2例死于ARDS。在发病24小时内手术8例中无1例死亡，24－36小时内手术14例有2例死亡，36小时后手术4例均死亡。结论：老年重症胰腺炎患多伴有心、肺、肾等重要器官慢性疾病，脏器代偿功能差，较易出现MOF，因此如有手术指证或经短期非手术治疗效果不明显，应及时手术，并在术中和术后采用合理的治疗措施，有利于减少术后并发症，降低手术死亡率。     

128例老年胃癌患者围手术期临床特点分析及护理对策

目的：提高对老年胃癌患者围术期护理的认识。方法：对128例≥65岁胃癌患者与同期〈65岁212例胃癌患者围术期各方面资料进行对比分析。结果：≥65岁组术前合并症多，全胃及联合脏器切除比例高、创伤大，术后非手术相关并发症多，患者文化水平较低，社会支持水平低。结论：对老年胃癌患者应重视术前的全面评估和充分准备，争取和利用患者的社会支持系统，采取灵活多样的形式进行健康教育，术后重视呼吸系统、心血管系统并发症及手术相关并发症（吻合口瘙、胃排空障碍、胰腺炎、胸腔积液或腹腔积液等）的预防和护理。     

老年急重症胆管炎临床分析

目的：探讨重症胆管(ACST)患者的临床特点及死亡原因。方法：分析我院近十五年来收治46例ACST的治疗情况。结果：手术41例．非手术5例，死亡9例，其中手术治疗死亡6例。结论：老年ACST患者，伴发病多，死亡率高，及时就诊，早期应用大量激素，选择适宜手术方法是降低死亡率的关键。     

老年患者不同证型红外热象舌图温度负荷的变化

目的 :探讨老年不同中医辨证分型的红外热象舌图温度负荷变化。方法 :被测试者分为阴虚证、阳虚证、气滞血瘀证、气血两虚证、湿热证五组。施以冷负荷后 ,红外舌图分析选取七个点温为代表 ,以计算机图像处理系统确定纵横坐标位置 ,对采录的所有红外舌图进行分析、处理。结果 :阴虚组舌尖、舌前两侧点冷负荷前后变化值与正常组比较 P<0 .0 5 ;阳虚组各点冷负荷前后变化值均低于正常组 (除 M点 ) ,且 T点、TL 点、TR点、M点均大于气血两虚组及湿热组 P<0 .0 5 ;气滞血瘀组舌温变化值低于正常 (T点 P<0 .0 5 ) ;气血两虚组各点温变化值均显著低于正常组 (P<0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)及其他证型组 ;湿热组舌尖、舌前两侧点冷负荷前后变化值与正常组比较 P<0 .0 5 ,且低于阴虚组、阳虚组、气滞血瘀组。结论 :老年不同中医辨证分型的红外热象舌图各有其特征 ,红外热象舌图直观、重复性强 ,可作为中医辨证分型和疗效判断的临床指标     

Destination after discharge from a senile dementia therapy ward before and after the implementation of long-term care insurance in Japan

Background: In Japan a new long‐term care insurance (LTCI) system, the so‐called ‘Kaigo‐Hoken’, was started in April 2000. The present study analyzes the change in the type of destination after discharge from a senile dementia therapy ward before and after the implementation of LTCI at Fukuoka Prefectural Onga Hospital, Japan. Methods: The present study examines data from 199 inpatients discharged from the Fukuoka Prefectural Onga Hospital that had been diagnosed with dementia and met the DSM IV criteria for Alzheimer's type, vascular dementia or other type of dementia. For the purposes of comparison two periods were defined, ‘the first period’ was defined as the period from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000, before LTCI was implemented, while ‘the second period’ was defined as the period from 1 April 2000 to 31 March 2001, after LTCI had started. Subject data was analyzed on the basis of where the subject had resided pre‐admission and their destination after discharge using the following classifications: nursing home or geriatric care facility, hospitalization, home and death. Results: While the certification rate of inpatients regarding long‐term care increased slightly in the second period, no significant change was observed based on where the subject had resided pre‐admission and their destination after discharge between the first and second periods. Conclusions: While LTCI is essential for Japan, it is necessary that people with dementia in senile dementia therapy wards are encouraged to return to their homes under the care and support of LTCI.     

Differential modification of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer''s disease: an autoradiographic study

We have used quantitative light microscopic autoradiographic techniques to analyze changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hippocampus in Alzheimer type dementia (ATD). The density and distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors has been correlated with the density of neurons, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus of control and ATD patients. The number of pyramidal cells per mm² in the CA1 sector was significantly decreased in ATD cases as compared to controls, although there were large variations among cases. The most marked reductions in cell counts were observed in patients with a history of profound dementia. The densities of muscarinic receptors, as well as the proportions of M₁ and M₂ subtypes, in the CA1 sector and dentate gyrus were not significantly different between ATD and old non-demented patients. Neuritic plaques, even in high numbers, did not affect the density of muscarinic receptors; moreover, the densities of receptors over the neuritic plaques did not differ from the surrounding neuropil. However, in some ATD cases there was a marked decrease in the concentration of these receptors in the CA1 sector and subiculum, with no change in the proportions of muscarinic receptor subtypes. These patients exhibited frequent extracellular remnants of neurofibrillary tangles (ghost tangles), but scarce neuritic plaques, and were those showing severe losses of pyramidal cells. There was a significant positive correlation between the total concentration of muscarinic receptors in the CA1 and the density of pyramidal cells, suggesting that decreases in receptor concentration result from a severe neuronal loss. We observed that the ratio of muscarinic receptors per pyramidal cell was significantly increased in ATD patients. This might indicate a possible upregulatory mechanism for muscarinic receptors in the population of remaining neurons in ATD. However, decreases of receptor numbers following severe neuronal fall out suggest that compensatory mechanisms are no longer possible in such cases. The question is raised whether these differences between cases reflect different diseases or different stages of the same disease.