Efficacy of ondansetron and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative emesis following strabismus surgery in children

A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of metoclopramide with the 5-HT₃ antagonist, ondansetron, for the prevention of postoperative emesis in children undergoing elective strabismus surgery. None of the children received any premedication and a similar anaesthetic technique was used for all. Ondansetron 0.15 mg.kg⁻¹, metoclopramide 0.25 mg.kg⁻¹ or saline placebo were administered following intravenous catheter placement. Episodes of emesis were recorded for the first 24 h for the intervals of 0–2, 2–6 and 6–24 h. The incidence of emesis in the first 24 h was observed to be 71.7% in the placebo group, 34.4% in the ondansetron group (p < 0.001) and 61.4% in the metoclopramide group (p = NS). The severity of vomiting was less in the ondansetron group as compared with metoclopramide (p < 0.01) and placebo (p < 0.001). Recovery room scores were comparable in all the groups. No serious side-effects were observed in the ondansetron group. We conclude that prophylactic ondansetron is effective and superior to metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative emesis in children following elective strabismus surgery.     

硅油填充眼的超声检查

目的 观察硅油填充眼超声检查的声像特征及影响因素。 方法 对47例47只硅油填充眼硅油取出手术前后分别进行A型（测定眼轴长度）和B型超声检查。 按超声仪默认参数测定硅油取出手术前后眼轴长度及玻璃体腔容积并观察其声像图特征。 结果 A型超声检查，无晶状体眼硅油取出手术前眼轴长度是手术后的1.465倍，有晶状体眼硅油取出手术前眼轴长度是手术后的1.284倍。按硅油在超声波中的传输速度修改参数后，无晶状体眼硅油取出手术前眼轴长度比手术后长(0.78±0.34) mm，有晶状体眼硅油取出手术前眼轴长度比手术后长(0.56±0.32) mm。B型超声检查，硅油填充眼玻璃体腔容积明显扩大，根据硅油填充量的多少，可分为充满型和部分充满型硅油填充声像；合并视网膜脱离的硅油填充眼可见眼后节多个弧形回声带。 结论 硅油填充眼的眼轴增长，其B型超声影像特征主要受超声波在硅油中的传输速度、硅油填充量、硅油乳化等因素的影响。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：349-351）     

超声乳化白内障吸除术后角膜前后表面高阶像差的变化

目的 探讨利用Pentacam观察超声乳化白内障吸除术前后角膜前后表面高阶像差的变化.方法 前瞻性系列病例研究.对45例(51只眼)年龄相关性白内障患者行3.2 mm透明角膜切口的超声乳化白内障吸除联合折叠型人工晶状体植入术,分别于术前1 d,术后7 d、1个月及3个月利用Pentacam测量角膜前后表面的高阶像差(包括总的高阶像差、球差、彗差、三叶草以及3～6阶像差),将角膜前、后表面高阶像差按直径范围不同(3 mm直径和6 mm直径)分为两组,用具有一个重复测量的两因素设计定量资料方差分析方法对两组数据分别进行统计学分析.结果 角膜前表面总的高阶像差术前1 d为(0.289±0.171)μm,至术后3个月时轻度增加为(0.312±0.158)μm(3 mm直径);术前1 d为(0.980 ±0.215)μm,至术后3个月时轻度增加为(1.054±0.308)μm(6mm直径),但手术前后变化无统计学差异(F=1.55,P=0.22),且两组总的高阶像差随时间的变化趋势相同(F=0.95,P=0.42);其余各项高阶像差手术前后的变化与总的高阶像差的变化相似.角膜后表面总的高阶像差术前1 d为(0.548±0.220)μm,至术后3个月时明显增加为(0.661±0.275)μm(3 mm直径);术前1 d为(1.780±0.453)μm,至术后3个月时明显增加为(1.945±0.532)μm(6mm直径),手术前后变化差异有统计学意义(F=15.83,P=0.00),且两组总的高阶像差随时间的变化趋势不同(F=12.46,P=0.00);其余各项高阶像差手术前后的变化与总的高阶像差的变化相似.结论 超声乳化白内障吸除术后角膜前表面高阶像差的变化不影响术后患者的视觉质量.但是,手术前后角膜后表面高阶像差发生了显著的变化,可能影响术后患者的视觉质量.     

半导体激光在眼科临床的应用进展

半导体激光所发射的辐射光能被眼部的介质所传导,组织吸收光能后将其转化为热能,从而使局部温度升高,蛋白变性,细胞遭到破坏,组织凝固。再加上半导体激光器的使用方便,使得其在眼科的使用范围越来越广泛,从眼前节到眼后节,青光眼,眼底病都已应用到半导体激光治疗,还有屈光方面的疾病也正在配合半导体激光在进行治疗。本文将主要介绍半导体激光在眼科临床各方向的应用及其以后的展望。     

Pulmonary oedema after ophthalmic regional anaesthesia in an unfasted patient undergoing elective surgery

An elderly female patient presenting for phaco-emulsification and intra-ocular lens implant under local anaesthesia developed pulmonary oedema after surgery and underwent emergency tracheal intubation. The pulmonary oedema may have been caused by her omission of routine oral diuretic medication before surgery and having to lie flat for the procedure. The patient had not been fasted before surgery, as is accepted practice in many hospitals. This made emergency tracheal intubation potentially hazardous. The patient made a full recovery. The issues of pre-operative assessment, fasting and the withholding of diuretic medication before elective eye surgery under local anaesthesia are discussed.     

应用手持裂隙灯检查和治疗31例抗震救灾军人眼外伤

目的:总结赴四川抗震救灾医疗队应用手持裂隙灯检查和治疗救灾部队眼外伤患者的体会。方法:2008年5月14-7月14都江堰抗震救灾医疗队接诊救灾部队眼外伤患者31例,应用手持裂隙灯检查并给予诊断,其中角膜铁质异物17例,角膜上皮损伤9例,前房出血5例。在手持裂隙灯下行角膜异物取出17例。结果:17例角膜异物患者均一次性取出铁质异物及周围的铁锈环;9例角膜上皮损伤患者2 d后痊愈;5例前房出血患者3 d后视力恢复正常。结论:地震环境下应用手持裂隙灯可以正确诊断眼外伤患者,并能及时处置。建议将手持裂隙灯列入部队医院野战医疗所的常规配置。     

Anaesthetic management of the Kenny-Caffey syndrome using the laryngeal mask

We report the anaesthetic management of a nine-year-old, 6.8 kg, 75 cm tall female with the Kenny-Caffey syndrome presenting for strabismus surgery. Dysmorphic features in our patient included a hypoplastic mandible. A neonatal (size 1) laryngeal mask was successfully used for management of the airway whilst providing surgical access. The general features of this rare syndrome are presented and the literature reviewed.     

Evaluation of the Greenbaum sub-Tenon's block

A prospective, randomized blind study was conducted in 40 patientsundergoing phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocularlens implantation. They received anaesthetic infiltration of2% lidocaine with 1:200 000 epinephrine and hyaluronidase150 U ml^–1 in a volume of 2, 3, 4 or 5 mlinto the sub-Tenon’s fascial space through a Greenbaumcannula after a conjunctival incision. Reduction of ocular movements,anaesthesia, pain on injection and any incidental complicationswere recorded. Akinesia and anaesthesia occurred within 5 minwith 4 and 5 ml of local anaesthetic, and no supplementaryinjections were required. There were marked reductions in thefrequency of forced eyelid movements with these volumes. Chemosisand conjunctival haemorrhage were noted in the majority of patientsbut caused no intraoperative problems. Approximately 10–15%of patients reported slight discomfort at the time of injection.Four to 5 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:200 000 epinephrineand 150 U ml^–1 of hyaluronidase is the optimumvolume to achieve adequate akinesia, anaesthesia and reductionof lid movements during the Greenbaum sub-Tenon’s block. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 631–3     

ANDREW SEXTON GRAY (1826–1907). A FOUNDER OF AUSTRALIAN OPHTHALMOLOGY: HIS LIFE AND TIMES

Andrew Sexton Gray was born in Limerick, Ireland, medically trained in Dublin, and was assistant to William Wilde, the distinguished oculist and aurist. He migrated to Victoria in 1859, was surgeon to a railway's construction company, then in 1862 began practice as a surgeon and oculist in Melbourne. In 1863 he founded a charitable eye and ear hospital, and had a very active, long life devoted mostly to ophthalmology. The hospital progressively expanded and became the centre for training for many ophthalmologists, as well as the nucleus for the cohesion of Victorian ophthalmology. History shows Andrew Sexton Gray to have been a founder of Australian ophthalmology.