三种置管用于治疗泪道阻塞效果比较

目的：比较采用泪道逆行置管、双套环顺行置管、泪道U形置管治疗泪道阻塞患者的治疗效果。

方法：前瞻性研究。选取2015-07/2018-06在我院诊治的108例108眼泪道阻塞患者,随机分为三组,A组行泪道逆行置管术36例36眼,B组行双套环顺行置管术36例36眼,C组行泪道U形置管术36例36眼,术后随访6mo,比较三组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、治疗疗效以及并发症和泪道阻塞复发情况。

结果：三组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组的治疗总有效率为91.7%,B组为94.4%,C组为97.2%(P>0.05)。A组并发症发生率为11.1%,高于B组的5.6%,高于C组的2.8%(P=0.010); A组泪道阻塞复发率为9.1%,高于B组的5.9%,高于C组的5.9%(P=0.029)。

结论：泪道逆行置管、双套环顺行置管、泪道U形置管用于治疗泪道阻塞患者的疗效均较高,术后发生并发症和泪道阻塞复发较少,但泪道逆行置管术可减少术中出血量、手术时间,泪道U形置管术可减少患者住院时间。     

穴位按摩结合“U”形枕干预在老年视网膜脱离术后病人中的应用

目的:探讨穴位按摩结合“U”形枕干预在老年视网膜脱离术后病人中的应用效果。方法:按随机数字表法将2017年9月—2019年9月收治的118例老年视网膜脱离术后病人分为观察组和对照组各59例,对照组行常规干预,观察组行穴位按摩结合“U”形枕干预。采用Kolcaba舒适状况量表对两组病人干预前、干预3 d、7 d、14 d的体位舒适度进行评价,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)对两组干预前、干预14 d后睡眠质量进行评价。结果:观察组病人干预3 d、7 d、14 d体位舒适度评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组病人干预14 d后睡眠质量、睡眠时间、睡眠紊乱、睡眠效率、入睡时间、催眠药物、日间功能障碍、总分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对老年视网膜脱离术后病人实施穴位按摩结合“U”形枕干预可有效提升病人的舒适度,改善病人睡眠质量。     

U-shaped Effect of Drinking and Linear Effect of Smoking on Risk for Stomach Cancer in Japan

A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between smoking or drinking doses and risk for stomach cancer, and to clarify whether the relationship is dose-dependent or U-shaped. Smoking dose was categorized as 0,1–399, 400–799, or 800+ cigarette-years, and drinking dose as 0, occasional/0.1–134.9, 135–1349.9, or 1350+ alcohol-years (ml of pure alcohol intake per day multiplied by years of drinking). Helicobacter pylori status was determined by serology for adjustment. Using logistic regression, the adjusted effects of smoking and drinking doses on risk for stomach cancer were calculated for both genders. Among male subjects, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) were 1.29 (0.76, 2.18) for 1–399, 1.71 (1.05, 2.80) for 400–799 and 2.46 (1.49, 4.07) for 800+ cigarette-years compared with never-smokers, and 1.89 (0.97, 3.69) for never-drinkers, 2.82 (1.63, 4.86) for 135–1349.9 and 2.84 (1.97, 4.83) for 1350.0+, compared with occasional/0.1–134.9 alcohol-years. Among female subjects, they were 0.44 (0.20, 1.00) for 1–399 and 2.471 (0.91, 6.68) for 400+ cigarette-years compared with never-smokers, and 1.54 (0.90, 2.63) for never-drinkers and 1.39 (0.66, 2.93) for 135.0+ alcohol-years. Smoking seems to exert a linear effect and drinking, a J- or U-shaped effect on risk for stomach cancer, although there might be a dip of risk in light smokers among female subjects.     

A prospective randomized trial comparing pneumoperitoneum and U-shaped retractor elevation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary Between April and August 1991, 83 Japanese patients with symptomatic gallstones underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our clinics. A prospective randomized trial was carried out to examine the safety, efficacy, and complications of the two techniques, pneumoperitoneum vs an elevating method using a U-shaped retractor. Forty-two patients were randomly allocated to the pneumoperitoneum (P) group and 41 to the U-shaped retractor (U) group. These two groups were well matched with respect to age, sex, etiology, and the severity of the chronic cholecystitis.Laparoscopic resection was successful for 88.1% (37/42) in the P group and 100% (41/41) in the U group. In patients with a severe fibrotic gallbladder, the rate of success was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the U group (100%, 6/6) than in the P group (11.8%, 1/6). In the moderately inflamed group, the operation time (mean±SD) was significantly (P<0.01) less in the U group (58.7±22.7) than in theP group (87.3±18.3). With the U-shaped retractor the usual surgical instruments can be used, and a rapid and safer laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be carried out. We prefer this approach to a pneumoperitoneum for patients with an inflamed gallbladder as hospital stay and pain are minimal.     

Universality of J-shaped and U-shaped dose-response relations as emergent properties of stochastic transition systems

Dose-response data for many chemical carcinogens exhibit multiple apparent concentration thresholds. A relatively small increase in exposure concentration near such a threshold disproportionately increases incidence of a specific tumor type. Yet, many common mathematical models of carcinogenesis do not predict such threshold-like behavior when model parameters (e.g., describing cell transition rates) increase smoothly with dose, as often seems biologically plausible. For example, commonly used forms of both the traditional Armitage-Doll and multistage (MS) models of carcinogenesis and the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) two-stage stochastic model of carcinogenesis typically yield smooth dose-response curves without sudden jumps or thresholds when exposure is assumed to increase cell transition rates in proportion to exposure concentration.This paper introduces a general mathematical modeling framework that includes the MVK and MS model families as special cases, but that shows how abrupt transitions in cancer hazard rates, considered as functions of exposure concentrations and durations, can emerge naturally in large cell populations even when the rates of cell-level events increase smoothly (e.g., proportionally) with concentration. In this framework, stochastic transitions of stem cells among successive events represent exposure-related damage. Cell proliferation, cell killing and apoptosis can occur at different stages. Key components include: An effective number of stem cells undergoing active cycling and hence vulnerable to stochastic transitions representing somatically heritable transformations. (These need not occur in any special linear order, as in the MS model.)A random time until the first malignant stem cell is formed. This is the first order-statistic, T = min{T1, T2, ..., Tn} of n random variables, interpreted as the random times at which each of n initial stem cells or their progeny first become malignant.A random time for a normal stem cell to complete a full set of transformations converting it to a malignant one. This is interpreted very generally as the first passage time through a network of stochastic transitions, possibly with very many possible paths and unknown topology.In this very general family of models, threshold-like (J-shaped or multi-threshold) dose-response nonlinearities naturally emerge even without cytotoxicity, as consequences of stochastic phase transition laws for traversals of random transition networks. With cytotoxicity present, U-shaped as well as J-shaped dose-response curves can emerge. These results are universal, i.e., independent of specific biological details represented by the stochastic transition networks.     

Low-dose nonlinear effects of smoking on coronary heart disease risk

Some recent discussions of adverse human health effects of active and passive smoking have suggested that low levels of exposure are disproportionately dangerous, so that "The effects of even brief (minutes to hours) passive smoking are often nearly as large (averaging 80% to 90%) as chronic active smoking" (Barnoya and Glantz, 2005). Recent epidemiological evidence (Teo et al., 2006) suggests a more linear relation. This paper reexamines the empirical relation between self-reported low levels of active smoking and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in public-domain data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Consistent with biological evidence on J-shaped and U-shaped relations between smoking-associated risk factors and CHD risks, we find that low levels of active smoking do not appear to be associated with increased CHD risk. Several methodological challenges in epidemiology may explain how model-derived estimates can predict low-dose linear or concave dose-response estimates, even if the empirical (i.e., data-based) relation does not show a clear increased risk at the lowest doses.     

U-shaped sacral fractures: Surgical treatment and quality of life

Background

U-shaped sacral fractures are rare and highly unstable pelvic ring fractures. They are not recognised in the standard classification systems of these fractures. The fracture pattern is associated with significant neurological injury and can lead to progressive deformity and chronic pain if not diagnosed and treated properly. In recent years a variety of surgical strategies have been shown to facilitate early mobilisation and reduce early mortality as compared to non-operative strategies. Poor evidence, however, has hampered the development of a standard treatment algorithm. As for the long-term morbidity, the influence of operative treatment may be difficult to assess due to associated injury. However, evidence exists that there is a significant effect on the long-term morbidity.

Objective

To assess the injury characteristics, choice of treatment and quality of life of U-shaped sacral fractures.

Methods

Eight polytraumatised patients with U-shaped sacral fractures were identified over a 7-year period and evaluated retrospectively. They were analysed for fracture classification, associated injury, and injury severity. Clinical and Radiological results were evaluated. Neurological outcome was retrospectively classified by Gibbons’ criteria. Long-term quality of life outcome was evaluated using the EuroQoL-6D questionnaire.

Results

The study population consists of five women and three men; with a median age of 29 years. All patients sustained severe associated injury. The Injury Severity Score ranged from 17 to 45 (median 23). The median time between trauma and definitive internal fixation was 4 days (range, 2-22 days). Definitive fixation included either percutaneous iliosacral screws (n = 2), transsacral plate osteosynthesis (n = 1) or triangular osteosynthesis with (n = 4) or without transsacral plating (n = 1). Early postoperative mobilisation and early partial weight-bearing were encouraged when possible. Follow-up ranged from 5 to 65 months (median, 36 months). Pain, mood disorders and mobility problems mainly influenced patients’ present general health status.

Conclusion

U-shaped sacral fractures present a rare and heterogeneous injury. Operative treatment depended mainly on fracture type, associated spinal fractures, and the surgeon's preference. Long-term quality of life is dominated by pain, mood disorders and moderate mobility problems.     

颈椎U型螺钉系统固定在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用

目的 探讨颈椎u型螺钉系统固定在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用价值.方法 自2003年1月～2006年12月应用颈椎U型系统固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位18例,根据骨折脱位与神经损伤的不同情况进行减压复位、U型螺钉系统固定并行植骨融合.结果 术中顺利,无神经血管损伤,术后第2天在颈围保护下坐起.18例均获随访,椎体复位,颈椎生理曲度恢复,术后3～6个月均达到骨性融合.11例伴颈髓神经损伤者按ASIA分级分别提高了1～2级,神经根受累症状完全消失,未出现断钉、松动与断棒.结论 颈椎U型螺钉系统是颈椎骨折脱位后路复位固定较为安全、牢固有效的内固定方法.     

U-shaped association of serum uric acid with cardiovascular disease risk scores and the modifying role of sex among Chinese adults

Background and aimsSerum uric acid (SUA) is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, information on the dose-response relationship between SUA and CVD is limited in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the potential nonlinear dose-response association of SUA with CVD risk in a Chinese population and to explore the effect of sex on these associations.Methods and resultsCross-sectional data, from 6252 Chinese adults aged 30–74 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009, were stratified by SUA deciles. The 10-year risk of CVD was determined using the Framingham risk score. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was incorporated into the logistic models to assess the nonlinear relationship between SUA and CVD. Among the participants, 65%, 20%, and 15% had low, moderate, and high 10-year CVD risks, respectively. Compared with the reference SUA strata of 225 to <249 μmol/L, CVD risk was significantly increased at SUA ≥294 μmol/L, with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.39 (1.33–4.33) to 4.25 (2.37–7.65). An increasingly higher nonsignificant CVD risk was found at SUA <225 μmol/L and showed a nonlinear U-shaped association. In the fitted RCS model, an approximate U-shaped association between SUA and CVD risk scores was found in women, but this significant nonlinear relationship was not found in men.ConclusionThis study showed that both lower and higher SUA levels were associated with a higher 10-year CVD risk among Chinese adults, forming a U-shaped relationship, and this pattern was particularly pronounced for women.