P300 and Long-Term Memory: Latency Predicts Recognition Performance

The study-test paradigm was used to investigate memory acquisition processes and the effects of repetition on long-term recognition memory. In this procedure, subjects are presented with a list of words (“targets”) to be memorized (Study series). They are later tested for recognition on a word list comprised of the target words mixed randomly with an equal number of new, distractor words (Test series). Both reaction time and the P300 component of the event-related brain potential were used as measures of processing time. During the Study series, large P300s were elicited despite a word category probability of 1.0. When the words from the Study series were divided on the basis of recognition performance, words that were subsequently recognized elicited P300s with shorter latencies than unrecognized words. P300 amplitude to words in the Study series increased with repetition while maintaining a constant latency. During the Test series, P300 latency and reaction time decreased with repetition for both target and distractor words. P300 amplitude to all words increased substantially over Test repetitions with target words eliciting larger P300s than distractor words. Words that were recognized more consistently during the Test series elicited larger and earlier P300s than words that were recognized less consistently. The P300 amplitude and latency results from both the Study and Test series are interpreted as reflecting the increased discriminability of the target words as the memory trace increases in strength.     

运用品管圈提高血药浓度监测及个体化服务项目的认可度

目的提高血药浓度监测(TDM)及个体化服务项目的认可度。方法2019年1—7月,针对TDM每月监测例数较低,针对医生进行问卷调查,按品管圈的10个步骤实施各项活动,并对活动成果进行评价。结果明确了影响TDM监测例数低的因素,通过品管圈活动拟定了一系列对策,有形成果方面,每月监测例数逐步提高;无形成果方面,圈员的品管手法、解决问题能力、责任心都有不同程度的提升。结论品管圈活动显著提高了血药浓度监测及个体化服务的认可度。     

Effects of lorazepam upon recollective experience in recognition memory

The effects of lorazepam (2 mg) and placebo upon recognition memory with and without conscious recollection were assessed in a cross-over study with normal volunteers. When recognising a word from study lists presented before and 1, 3 and 5 h after drug administration, subjects were required to indicate whether they could consciously recollect the word's prior occurrence or recognised it on the basis of knowing; in the absence of conscious recollection. Lorazepam only impaired word recognition which was accompanied by conscious recollection, and further, the level of this impairment correlated significantly with each of three different indices of subjects' arousal at the time of presentation of each list. Recognition in the absence of conscious recollection was not impaired but somewhat heightened by lorazepam, and these effects did not significantly relate to any index of arousal. These findings are interpreted as providing further support for the notion that recognition entails two distinct components, one based on contextual and associative information and related to conscious recollection, the other possibly based on a traceless perceptual or semantic memory system and related to feelings of knowing in the absence of conscious recollection. Implications are drawn for a contextual-encoding/retrieval account of lorazepam-induced amnesia.     

学龄儿童家长铅中毒知识-态度-行为的调查分析

目的:了解和掌握学龄儿童家长儿童铅中毒知识、态度、行为现状,为制定合理的健康教育规划提供基础材料。方法:采用随机整群抽样方法,在大理市城区16所小学随机抽取350名家长进行问卷调查,测评其对儿童铅中毒的认识、态度、行为知晓率。结果:学龄儿童家长对工业性铅污染源的认识较清楚(66.1%～83.0%),但对生活中一些不易察觉铅污染源认识存在不足(56.9%～83.9%)。掌握铅污染源、铅在体内转运转化知识较多者主要是父母的文化层次和家庭经济收入较高者,多数家长对儿童铅中毒健康教育持赞成态度。结论:学龄儿童家长对铅中毒知识了解不够,亟待加强教育。     

植入前遗传学诊断"知情同意"的影响因素与对策

植入前遗传学诊断（Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis PGD）是辅助生育技术与分子生物学技术相结合而发展的孕前遗传学诊断技术,在植入子宫前淘汰了遗传异常的胚胎,是产前诊断技术的重大进展.但是,由于技术本身存在着一定局限性和不确定性,同时,受到病人认知能力等因素的影响,由此引发了系列伦理学争议.在进行PGD前,一个明了、详尽的患者知情同意过程是必须的.包括通俗全面告知PGD有关信息、手术和检测的局限性和可能结果;充分告知通过PGD所获得的利益和风险.在此基础上针对不同的遗传病检测签署详细的书面知情同意书.     

民国中西药学汇通代表作《汉药新觉》考略

郭若定《汉药新觉》为民国时期中西药学汇通的代表作,其上集曾被民国时期北平杂志《明日医药》连载,并刊有单行本.续集内容由其家属收藏,全书完整本于2010年由上海科学技术文献出版社出版,载药208种,以单味中药为主,并收部分复方药及西药.该书中西药学汇通思想,体现在3个方面：中西药物,兼收并蓄;衷中参西,继承创新;中西合参,旨在汇通.     

Effects of immediate feedback and errorless learning on recognition memory processing in young and older adults

Age-related memory decline appears to be due to impaired recollection whereas familiarity may be intact. An intervention was therefore designed with the aim of optimising use of this intact sense of familiarity. A continuous face recognition paradigm was used which required detection of repeats in a long series. The experimental intervention consisted of immediate feedback on response accuracy and avoidance of errors by discouraging guessing.

Experimental and control interventions were compared by recruiting 40 people aged under 30 years or over 60 years for six 45-minute training sessions. The elderly participants initially showed a more lax response criterion than young people but the experimental intervention reversed this effect so that by the end of training the elderly participants were less prone to false alarms than the younger participants. However, there was only limited evidence of generalisation of this training effect to other memory tasks and no effect on recognition sensitivity.

This study demonstrates that combined feedback and errorless learning allow elderly people to adjust their response criterion during recognition memory tasks. Taken together with previous encouraging studies, it seems that this training approach might have potential as a therapy for age-related memory impairment. However this would require development of additional methods to enhance generalisation beyond trained tasks and to elicit improvements in sensitivity as well as reduction of false alarms. The separate contributions of feedback and errorless learning also need to be investigated.     

Superposition of Episodic Memories: Overdistribution and Quantum Models

Memory exhibits episodic superposition, an analog of the quantum superposition of physical states: Before a cue for a presented or unpresented item is administered on a memory test, the item has the simultaneous potential to occupy all members of a mutually exclusive set of episodic states, though it occupies only one of those states after the cue is administered. This phenomenon can be modeled with a nonadditive probability model called overdistribution (OD), which implements fuzzy‐trace theory's distinction between verbatim and gist representations. We show that it can also be modeled based on quantum probability theory. A quantum episodic memory (QEM) model is developed, which is derived from quantum probability theory but also implements the process conceptions of global matching memory models. OD and QEM have different strengths, and the current challenge is to identify contrasting empirical predictions that can be used to pit them against each other.     

Automated anatomical labeling of abdominal arteries and hepatic portal system extracted from abdominal CT volumes

This paper proposes a method for automated anatomical labeling of abdominal arteries and a hepatic portal system. In abdominal surgeries, understanding blood vessel structure is critical since it is very complicated. The input of the proposed method is the blood vessel region extracted from the CT volume. The blood vessel region is expressed as a tree structure by applying a thinning process to it and compute the mapping from the branches in the tree structure to the anatomical names. First, several characteristic anatomical names are assigned by rule-based pre-processing. The branches assigned to these names are used as references. The remaining blood vessel names are assigned using a likelihood function trained by a machine-learning technique. Simple rule-based postprocessing can correct several blood vessel names. The output of the proposed method is a tree structure with anatomical names. In an experiment using 50 blood vessel regions manually extracted from abdominal CT volumes, the recall and precision rates of the abdominal arteries were 86.2% and 85.3%, and they were 86.5% and 79.5% for the hepatic portal system.