Circadian changes of intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure after timolol or latanoprost in Caucasians with normal-tension glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the circadian effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) of 0.5% timolol or 0.005% latanoprost in Caucasian patients affected by normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Patients and methods In this crossover trial, 30 consecutive NTG subjects underwent three 24-hour assessments of IOP, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and OPP [calculated according to the formula OPP = (1/3 systolic BP + 2/3 diastolic BP) x 2/3 – IOP]: at baseline, and after 1-month treatment with timolol or latanoprost. These parameters were recorded at 4 a.m., 8 a.m., noon, 4 p.m., 8 p.m., and midnight. Results Both timolol and latanoprost reduced IOP (p < 0.001), with a difference in favour of latanoprost of 1.3 mmHg (95% CI 0.9, 1.6; p < 0.001). After timolol, BP and HR decreased with respect to baseline (p < 0.001). Latanoprost increased mean OPP (3.6 mmHg, 95% CI 2.9, 4.3; p < 0.001), whereas timolol did not improve it. Conclusions Latanoprost induces an IOP reduction greater than timolol, also achieving a better circadian flattening of the IOP curve. Only latanoprost significantly increased mean 24-hour OPP. The management of Caucasian NTG patients should be critically realized, considering the 24-hour influence of each IOP-lowering drug on the ocular blood perfusion.     

Side-effects and risk profile of latanoprost 0.005% (Xalatan)

Background. Latanoprost, a prostaglandin F_2α-analogue, has been widely in use in clinical practice for a period of over 5 years. The side-effects of latanoprost are analyzed and the clinical relevance is discussed. Results. Hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes will develop in the majority of patients using latanoprost for more than 6 months. Increased pigmentation of the eyelids may also occur. Hyperpigmentation of the iris is seen in 12–18% of caucasians using latanoprost over a period of 1–2 years. Increased iris pigmentation seems more common in asian people and remains unchanged after discontinuation of therapy. Pigmentation of intra- and extraocular structures is caused by increased melanogenesis, not by melanocyte proliferation. Mild conjunctival hyperemia may develop in approximately 30% of patients, but is most often without clinical relevance. Further reported side-effects include anterior uveitis, reactivation of herpes-keratitis/-dermatitis and cystoid macular edema in pseudophakic and aphakic patients. A causal relationship has still not been proven for these side-effects. Systemic side-effects are rare (e.g. headache, facial rash, cardiovascular effects). No experience exists for treatment of glaucoma with latanoprost in childhood. Conclusion. Latanoprost represents a highly effective antiglaucomatous drug, rarely associated with vision-threatening complications. The most common complications are hypertrichosis of eyelashes and increased pigmentation of extra- and intraocular structures. A careful lifetime evaluation of these patients is recommended. Systemic side-effects are rare, but may occur.     

O.03%贝美前列素滴眼液与0.005%拉坦前列素滴眼液的降眼压效果和安全性比较

目的比较0.03%贝美前列素滴眼液与0.005%拉坦前列素滴眼液降眼压治疗的有效性和安全性.方法随机、研究者设盲、平行对照临床试验.56例原发性开角型青光眼或高眼压症患者,随机分配接受0.03%贝美前列素和0.005%拉坦前列素治疗,观察治疗42天后降眼压效果及不良反应.结果 0.03%贝美前列素和0.005%拉坦前列素均能显著降低眼内压(P＜0.001).6周治疗后,贝美前列素和拉坦前列素降低眼压分别为5.92～9.18mmHg(26.3%～36.1%)和7.25～9.85mmHg(31.3%～38.9%),两者之间差异无统计学意义.贝美前列素和拉坦前列素均有较好的安全性,最常见的不良反应为结膜充血.结论 0.03%贝美前列素滴眼液和0.005%拉坦前列素滴眼液均能显著降低国人开角型青光眼和高眼压症患者的眼压,而且安全、有较好的耐受性.两者差异无统计学意义.     

The cost-effectiveness of bimatoprost,latanoprost and timolol in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma in five European countries

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of this cost-effectiveness analysis is to evaluate cost-effectiveness ratios of the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents bimatoprost, latanoprost and timolol in five major European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.

Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis is based on achievement of IOP targets between 13 and 18?mm Hg. Thus, the cost-effectiveness ratios express the costs of having one patient successfully achieving IOP target. The perspective of the analysis is that of the health care sector payer, including costs of medicine and costs of ophthalmologist visits. The time frame is first year of glaucoma treatment. Four treatment strategies are analysed: Timolol as first line with add-on latanoprost or bimatoprost if IOP targets are not met, and latanoprost and bimatoprost as first line with add-on timolol.

Results: In the UK, Spain, Italy and Germany the timolol first with add-on of bimatoprost is the least expensive treatment. This strategy dominates both strategies involving latanoprost (as add-on to timolol or as first line) in these four countries. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of bimatoprost first-line therapy versus timolol with add-on bimatoprost varies from each country and target (from £305 to €43 720 per patient). In France the timolol first line and latanoprost add-on is not dominated and is the cheapest alternative. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of timolol with add-on bimatoprost versus add-on latanoprost lies between £71 and €355 per patient depending on target (18 and 13?mm Hg, respectively).

Conclusion: First-line treatment of latanoprost is dominated in all countries. In four out of five countries the timolol first-line therapy with add-on latanoprost is also dominated. Based on this pharmacoeconomic analysis, the most costeffective strategy seems to be timolol first line with add-on bimatoprost if target is not met after 3 months.     

A comparison of the safety and intraocular pressure lowering of bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination versus latanoprost/timolol fixed combination in patients with open-angle glaucoma*

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a once daily evening dose of the latanoprost/timolol fixed combination (LTFC) with that of a once-daily evening dose of the bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (BTFC) in patients with open-angle glaucoma with elevated intrao­cular pressure (IOP) insufficiently responsive to mono­therapy with prostaglandin analogues/prostamides.

Design: Prospective, randomized, evaluator masked, single-center study.

Participants: 36 patients with a diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma, with or without pseudoexfoliation, and inadequate control of IOP, insufficiently responsive to monotherapy with prostaglandin analogues/prostamides.

Main outcome measure: The primary end-points were the change in IOP at 9:00?am from baseline to week 4, and the difference between treatment groups in the mean diurnal IOP reduction from baseline to week 4.

Results: BTFC provided significantly greater mean diurnal IOP reduction [mean (standard deviation)] 2.8 (0.9)?mmHg, compared with LTFC 2.1 (0.6)?mmHg, p = 0.0214. Both treatments significantly reduced the IOP from baseline at each IOP time-point measured, p < 0.0001, and for the mean diurnal IOP; p = 0.0049 for the LTFC, and p < 0.0001 for the BTFC. There were no significant differences in average hyperemia scores among groups, 1.25 (0.5) vs. 1.62 (0.69), p = 0.3835, for the LTFC and the BTFC, respectively.

Conclusions: The results of this study showed a significantly higher IOP-lowering effect of a once-daily evening dose of the BTFC compared to that of a once-daily evening administration of the LTFC.     

Comparison of morning versus evening dosing and 24-h post-dose efficacy of travoprost compared with latanoprost in patients with open-angle glaucoma

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare the IOP-lowering efficacy of a.m.-dosed travoprost and latanoprost at 24-h post-dose.

Research design and methods: Open-angle glaucoma patients not naïve to prostaglandin therapy and currently controlled on p.m.-dosed (2100) latanoprost (n?=?21) or travoprost (n?=?30) had baseline IOPs measured at 0900. In a randomized, single-masked, crossover design, patients received travoprost (Travatan) or latanoprost (Xalatan) at 0900 for 4?weeks, then were crossed over to receive the second prostaglandin for another 4?weeks. Treatment IOP was measured at 0900 prior to morning dose at both 4 and 8?week visits. Patient dosing preference (a.m./p.m.) was surveyed on exit.

Main outcome measure: Intraocular pressure (IOP).

Results: The mean IOP in the first period when all patients were dosed in the evening was assessed 12?h after dosing at 09:00 and it was similar in the two treatment groups (mean?±?standard deviation: 17.9?±?2.7?mmHg for travoprost versus 17.7?±?2.5?mmHg for latanoprost, p?=?0.812). In the a.m.-dosing crossover comparison, the 24-h post-dose IOP was significantly lower (?p?<?0.001) on travoprost (16.9?±?3.1?mmHg) compared to latanoprost (18.6?±?3.3?mmHg). In the exit survey, 51% of patients preferred a.m.-dosing.

Conclusions: a.m.-dosed travoprost is superior to a.m.-dosed latanoprost by 1.7?mmHg at 24-h post-dose.     

拉坦前列素长期干预对老年慢性闭角型青光眼的临床意义研究

目的 观察长期单纯应用拉坦前列素滴眼液治疗老年慢性闭角型青光眼（CACG）的临床疗效及安全性.方法 选取29例（55只眼）早、中期老年CACG患者,平均年龄为77.83±5.74岁,眼压﹥21 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）且﹤36 mmHg.给予拉坦前列素滴眼液滴眼,每天1次,共随访3年.于用药后1周、4周、6月、12月、24月及36月观察眼压、视野、视乳头杯盘比（C/D）、视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）、眼部症状及体征.结果 与基线眼压值（24.89±2.96 mmHg）相比,用药后1周、4周、6月、12月、24月及36月平均眼压分别下降6.77±2.98、7.54±3.24、8.25±3.49、7.36±3.11、7.99±2.89及8.38±2.96 mmHg,用药后各时间段眼压显著低于用药前,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.视野及光学相干断层成像（OCT）动态观察虽有改变,但差异无统计学意义.55眼中4眼出现结膜充血,1眼出现虹膜色素沉着,继续治疗无不适.结论 每日一次拉坦前列素滴眼液对老年CACG患者具有良好的长期平稳降低眼压作用,且不良反应少,安全性高.     

拉坦前列素和噻吗心安治疗开角型青光眼、高眼压症的对照研究

目的：观察Ｌａｔａｎｏｐｒｏｓｔ的降眼压效果及安全性。方法：采用随机分组对照组,０．００５％Ｌａｔａｎｏｐｒｏｓｔ每日一次或０．５％Ｔｉｍｏｌｏｌ（噻吗心安）每日２次,治疗原发性开角型青光眼、高眼压症和剥脱性青光眼,共１４例,疗程１２周,观察其眼压及不良反应。结果：Ｌａｔａｎｏｐｒｏｓｔ组和Ｔｉｍｏｌｏｌ组均可有效地降低眼压（Ｐ〈０．０１）,两组间眼压下降值没有差异。两组治疗前后不同时间点眼压下降