Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with incident hypertension: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study

AimsTo explore the association between WWI and the incidence of HTN in the Rural Chinese Cohort Study.Methods and ResultsWe examined data for 10,338 non-hypertensive participants (39.49% men) aged ≥ 18 years from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study who completed a baseline examination during 2007–2008 and follow-up during 2013–2014. WWI was calculated as waist circumference (cm) divided by the square root of weight (kg). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the probability of HTN across four WWI categories. Restricted cubic splines analysis was used to model the dose–response association of WWI and HTN. A total of 2078 participants had HTN during a median follow-up of 6 years. After adjusting for potential confounders, as compared with the lowest WWI category (<9.94 cm/√kg), with WWI 9.94 to 10.42, 10.42 to 10.91 and ≥ 10.91 cm/√kg, the ORs (95% CIs) for HTN were 1.12 (0.93–1.35), 1.40 (1.17–1.69) and 1.50 (1.24–1.82), respectively. Results of the sensitivity analyses were robust. The ORs were generally consistent on subgroup analysis by sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Multiple logistic regression models with restricted cubic splines showed a non-linear positive association between WWI and HTN (P_nonlinearity < 0.001).ConclusionThe highest WWI category was significantly associated with increased risk of HTN. Our findings may facilitate the development and promotion of obesity prevention strategies aimed at reducing the risk of HTN and provide evidence for healthcare policy in rural China.     

WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: Different criteria have been proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATPIII) for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Its identification is of particular importance for coronary risk assessment. METHODS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was determined according to the two different proposals in 1569 consecutive subjects with Type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: By the WHO proposal, 81% of cases (95% confidence interval, 79-83) were labelled as metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria had the highest specificity (99%) and visceral obesity the highest sensitivity (93%). Seventy-eight per cent of patients (95% CI, 76-80) fulfilled the ATPIII criteria for metabolic syndrome, low HDL-cholesterol having the highest specificity (95%), elevated blood pressure having the highest sensitivity. According to both proposals, 1113 patients were positive; 183 were concordantly negative, indicative of a fairly good agreement (k statistics, 0.464). Subjects only positive for the WHO proposal were more frequently males, had a lower BMI and a higher arterial pressure. Only subjects identified by the ATPIII proposal had a significantly higher prevalence of previously detected coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Minimum criteria for the metabolic syndrome are met in most patients with Type 2 diabetes. Correct identification of the syndrome is important for an integrated approach to reduce the high costs and the associated disabilities. The ATPIII proposal more clearly identifies the burden of coronary heart disease associated with the metabolic syndrome.     

Physical inactivity, excess adiposity and premature mortality

The purpose of this report is to review the evidence that physical inactivity and excess adiposity are related to an increased risk of all‐cause mortality, and to better identify the independent contributions of each to all‐cause mortality rates. A variance‐based method of meta‐analysis was used to summarize the relationships from available studies. The summary relative risk of all‐cause mortality for physical activity from the 55 analyses (31 studies) that included an index of adiposity as a covariate was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–0.82], whereas it was 0.82 [95% CI 0.80–0.84] for the 44 analyses (26 studies) that did not include an index of adiposity. Thus, physically active individuals have a lower risk of mortality by comparison to physically inactive peers, independent of level of adiposity. The summary relative risk of all‐cause mortality for an elevated body mass index (BMI) from the 25 analyses (13 studies) that included physical activity as a covariate was 1.23 [95% CI 1.18–1.29], and it was 1.24 [95% CI 1.21–1.28] for the 81 analyses (36 studies) that did not include physical activity as a covariate. Studies that used a measure of adiposity other than the BMI show similar relationships with mortality, and stratified analyses indicate that both physical inactivity and adiposity are important determinants of mortality risk.     

老年2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗相关指标的检测和意义

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗(IR)及其相关性,为老年2型糖尿病的合理防治提供临床依据。方法:选择120例老年2型糖尿病患者,按胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA)胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)50百分位点将患者分为两组:胰岛素相对敏感组(HOMA-IR<3.56)和胰岛素相对抵抗组(HOMA-IR≥3.56),比较体重指数(BMI)、腰/臀比(WHR)、血压、血生化学检查等指标。用年龄>40岁,<60岁的2型糖尿病患者做对照组。结果:两组老年患者在年龄、性别、舒张压、空腹血糖、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、HOMA胰岛β细胞功能方面无差异;但BMI、WHR、收缩压、甘油三脂、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR差异具有显著性。多线性回归分析后,只有腰/臀比、收缩压、甘油三脂、HOMA-IR存在统计学差异。老年患者与对照组相比,IR发生率明显增加,且两者腰/臀比、收缩压、甘油三脂方面也差异显著。结论:IR与老年2型糖尿病密切相关,是临床防治糖尿病的重要靶点。     

以宗四维牵引为主治疗腰椎间盘突出症163例报告

目的观察以宗四维牵引和熏腰蒸气疗法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法应用仰卧纵轴骨盆牵引，俯卧骨盆牵引同时外展患肢牵引，仰卧屈曲双下肢悬吊牵引，俯卧过伸双下肢悬吊牵引，根据患者椎曲的改变类型辩证施治；牵引后进行熏腰蒸气治疗。结果腰椎间盘突出症治疗有效率为93％，无效率7％。     

Milk-Fat Intake and Differences in Abdominal Adiposity and BMI: Evidence Based on 13,544 Randomly-Selected Adults

The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between milk-fat intake and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, in 13,544 U.S. adults. A lesser objective was to measure the degree to which the association was influenced by multiple potential confounding variables. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quantity of milk-fat regularly consumed was the exposure variable. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), a measure of abdominal obesity, and body mass index (BMI) were the outcome variables. Sagittal abdominal diameter is a strong predictor of visceral abdominal fat, when measured by computed tomography, and has been shown to predict cardiometabolic disorders better than BMI. After controlling for age, race, gender, physical activity, leisure computer use and gaming, alcohol habits, and cigarette use, significantly lower BMIs were associated with consistent non-fat and full-fat milk consumption (F = 4.1, p = 0.0063). A significantly lower SAD was associated only with regular consumption of non-fat milk (F = 5.0, p = 0.0019). No significant differences were detected between the other milk-fat groups or milk abstainers. In this nationally representative sample, only 19.6% of adults regularly consumed low-fat milk. In conclusion, consistent non-fat milk intake was predictive of lower levels of abdominal adiposity compared to consumption of higher levels of milk-fat.     

胸腰椎骨折内固定技术和应用现状

应用内固定技术治疗胸腰椎骨折,目前已被国内外广泛采用,并经过不断的改进,取得了良好的疗效,笔者就目前开展的内固定器械及技术,内固定方法的生物力学,临床应用效果及内固定术的失误,并发症作一简要综述。     

不同体重与腰围与糖耐量低减患病率的关系

目的 了解不同体重、腰围、超重和肥胖与糖耐量低减(IGT)患病率关系，为预防和控制IGT提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法，随机抽取2个社区和2个乡镇15岁以上本地居住5年以上的居民，共计4682人。进行问卷调查，测量身高、体重、腰围，测定空腹口服75g葡萄糖后2h血糖。结果 IGT患病率为7．07％，其中男性为7．43％，女性为6．82％。IGT患病率随体重的增加而不断增高，但30kg组IGT患病率大于40～60kg组，呈现“√”形关系。随腰围增大IGT患病率呈明显上升趋势，至腰围100cm组时达到高峰，此趋势在男、女性中一致，超重、肥胖组IGT患病率明显高于BMI正常组和低体重组，其OR值分别为1．62和2．22，95％C1分别为1．50～2．72和1．87～4．28。结论 IGT的发生与体重、超重和肥胖，尤其是腹型肥胖之间存在密切关联。因此，应保持适当体重和正常体型，加强对肥胖人群和IGT患者的干预。减少糖尿病的发生。     

农村居民体质指数、腰围与血压变化趋势分析

目的 研究山东省居民体质指数（BMI）、腰围与血压的关系。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样的方法抽取样本，对确定的调查人群进行问卷调查，测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压，并计算出体质指数和腰臀比。用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 当体质指数（kg／m2）在18．5～23．9，24～27．9，≥28时，血压均值分别是123．5／76．1，128．8／80．0，134．5／85．6mmHg，高血压的患病率分别是15．65％，26．38％和43．78％。当体质指数≥24和／或腰围≥85cm（女性≥80cm），血压增长的速度明显加快，高血压的患病率也明显上升。结论 血压均值和高血压的患病率随着体质指数和腰围的增加而上升．二者是高血压的主要危险因素。     

Contribution of Cardiorespiratory Fitness to the Obesity Paradox

Until recently, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been overlooked as a potential modifier of the inverse association between obesity and mortality (the so-called obesity paradox), observed in patients with known or suspected cardiovascular (CV) disease. Evidence from five observational cohort studies of 30,104 patients (87% male) with CV disease indicates that CRF significantly alters the obesity paradox. There is general agreement across studies that the obesity paradox persists among patients with low CRF, regardless of whether adiposity is assessed by body mass index, waist circumference, or percentage body fat. However, among patients with high CRF, risk of all-cause mortality is lowest for the overweight category in some, but not all, studies, suggesting that higher levels of fitness may modify the relationship between body fatness and survival in patients manifesting an obesity paradox. Further study is needed to better characterize the joint contribution of CRF and obesity on mortality in diverse populations.