Increasing dietary 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 causes similar relative changes in fatty acid profiles of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from rat neural and erythrocyte membranes. 相似文献
Summary: Linear unsaturated nylons 6 u18 and 18 u18 have been made containing a double bond in the center of the diacid segment with potential for additional functionalization. Solution state NMR showed the presence of a small portion of cis amide units. Solid state NMR verified the presence of the double bond in the bulk, and that the polyamides were present in the α‐crystalline form. Thermal stability was comparable to linear saturated nylons, and the melting and crystallization temperatures of the unsaturated nylons were lower compared to the saturated analogs.
DSC heating and cooling thermograms for nylons 6 u18 and 18 u18. 相似文献
Bile salts and synthetic surfactants have been used to promote nasal absorption of peptide drugs. Although a marked increase in nasal absorption has been achieved, this may not be adequate and the possibility of adjuvant-induced membrane toxicity exists. The present study employs a rat in situ nasal perfusion technique and mixed micelles between sodium glycocholate (NaGC) and various lipids as potential nasal absorption enhancers of a stable model dipeptide, [D-Arg2]kyotorphin. NaGC alone enhanced the nasal absorption of the dipeptide in a concentration-dependent manner. When linoleic acid was added to form mixed micelles with NaGC, the absorption was further enhanced (P < 0.01). The effect of mixed micelles was synergistic and much greater than with single adjuvants. Increasing ionic strength was found to increase the adjuvant activity of both NaGC and NaGC–lipid mixed micelles. Structure of the lipid component of the mixed micelles also affected the adjuvant potency. Oleic acid, a cis-unsaturated fatty acid, was more effective than elaidic acid, the trans-isomer, whereas cis-linoleic acid and trans-linolelaidic acid were equally effective ( = 0.05). Mixed micelles of mono-glycerides such as monoolein and monolinolein were also more effective than NaGC alone ( = 0.05). Micellar solubilization of these polar lipids by NaGC appears to be important for nasal absorption enhancement to occur. Reversal of the membrane permeability was also observed within approximately 20–40 min after removal of the adjuvants from the rat nasal cavity. These observations are similar to the effects of mixed micelles on the rectal mucosa and may involve the same mechanism. 相似文献
Background. The “obesogenicity” of modern environments is fueling the obesity pandemic. We describe a framework, known as ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity), which is a conceptual model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments and a practical tool for prioritizing environmental elements for research and intervention.Methods: Development of the ANGELO framework. The basic framework is a 2 × 4 grid which dissects the environment into environmental size (micro and macro) by type: physical (what is available), economic (what are the costs), political (what are the “rules”), and sociocultural (what are the attitudes and beliefs). Within this grid, the elements which influence food intake and physical activity are characterized as obe sogenic or “leptogenic” (promoting leanness).Results: Application of the ANGELO framework. The ANGELO framework has been piloted at the population level (island communities) to prioritize the settings/sectors for intervention and at the setting level (fast food outlets) to prioritize research needs and interventions. Environmental elements were prioritized by rating their validity (evidence of impact), relevance (to the local context), and potential changeability.Conclusions. The ANGELO framework appears to be a flexible and robust instrument for the needs analysis and problem identification stages of reducing the obe sogenicity of modern environments. 相似文献
The importance of the in utero environment as a contributor to later life metabolic disease has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we consider how disruption of normal fetal growth may impact skeletal muscle metabolic development, ultimately leading to insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity, a key precursor to later life metabolic disease. In cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with hypoxia, where the fetus fails to reach its full growth potential, low birth weight (LBW) is often the outcome, and early in postnatal life, LBW individuals display modifications in the insulin-signaling pathway, a critical precursor to insulin resistance. In this review, we will present literature detailing the classical development of insulin resistance in IUGR, but also discuss how this impaired development, when challenged with a postnatal Western diet, may potentially contribute to the development of later life insulin resistance. Considering the important role of the skeletal muscle in insulin resistance pathogenesis, understanding the in utero programmed origins of skeletal muscle deficiencies in insulin sensitivity and how they may interact with an adverse postnatal environment, is an important step in highlighting potential therapeutic options for LBW offspring born of pregnancies characterized by placental insufficiency. 相似文献
ObjectiveDietary strategies in heart failure (HF) are focused on sodium and fluid restriction to minimize the risk for acute volume overload episodes. However, the importance of dietary factors beyond sodium intake in the prognosis of the disease is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of macro- and micronutrients intake on 1-y mortality in patients with HF.MethodsA secondary analysis of 203 patients with chronic HF enrolled in a randomized trial of sodium reduction was completed. Patients with a complete 3-d food record at baseline were included in this analysis (N = 118); both control and intervention arms were combined. Three-d mean dietary intake was estimated. Cox multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and 1-y mortality.ResultsAmong the 118 included patients, 54% were men, median (25th–75th percentiles) age 66 y (52–75 y), median ejection fraction 45% (30%–60%), and ischemic etiology present in 49% of patients. The association with 1-y mortality was significant for both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]. 0.51–0.86 for intake as percentage of daily energy) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.30 for intake as percentage of daily energy). Median of intake as percentage of daily energy was 5.3% for PUFAs and 8.2% for SFAs.ConclusionsIntake of PUFAs and SFAs was independently associated with 1-y all-cause mortality in patients with chronic HF. Limiting dietary SFA and increasing PUFA intake may be advisable in this population. 相似文献
Summary A geographically based sample of 1069 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons aged 20–74 years, living in southern Colorado
and who tested normal on an oral glucose tolerance test (World Health Organization criteria) were evaluated to determine associations
of dietary factors with fasting serum insulin concentrations. Subjects were seen for up to three visits from 1984 to 1992.
A 24-h diet recall and fasting insulin concentrations were collected at all visits. In longitudinal data analysis, lower age,
female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, higher body mass index, higher waist circumference, and no vigorous activity were significantly
related to higher fasting insulin concentrations. High total and saturated fat intake were associated with higher fasting
insulin concentrations after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, waist circumference, total energy intake
and physical activity. Dietary fibre and starch intake were inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations. No associations
with fasting insulin concentrations were observed for monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, sucrose, glucose and fructose
intake. Associations were similar in men and women and for active and inactive subjects, though associations of fibre and
starch intake with insulin concentrations were strongest in lean subjects. These findings support animal studies and a limited
number of human population studies which have suggested that increased saturated and total fat intake and decreased fibre
and starch intake increase fasting insulin concentrations and may also increase insulin resistance. These findings, which
relate habitual macronutrient consumption to hyperinsulinaemia in a large population, may have implications for studies attempting
primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 430–438]
Received: 6 August 1996 and in revised form: 17 December 1996 相似文献