白洋淀上游蓄污工程沿岸地下水污染状况及对居民健康影响的调查

白洋淀污染一直是国家和河北省所关注的问题，对白洋淀上游蓄污工程沿岸小环境调查表明；饮用深层地下水受到城市工业废水的污染，主要污染物为有机物。污染区儿童贫血率、白细胞计数、舒张压高于非污染区，白细胞吞噬率低于非污染区，居民恶性肿瘤标化死亡比高于非污染区，肝癌标化死亡比明显上升。     

Keratinolytic fungi in sewage sludge applied to devastated urban soil. A preliminary experiment

The qualitative and quantitative (q/q) changes of keratinolytic fungi in soil mixtures with added sewage sludge were examined during a preliminary reclamation experiment. Sludge before land application was characterized by the weak growth of keratinolytic fungi. In devastated urban soil, abundant fungal growth was observed. Over a 19‐month reclamation period, decreasing frequency of Chrysosporium concurrent with the enrichment of the mixture with the geophilic dermatophytes Arthroderma quadrifidum and A. uncinatum were clearly seen. The results are discussed with respect to possible ecological factors influencing the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the materials examined. The public health risk associated with the application of sewage sludge for reclamation is also discussed.     

城市污灌废水的致突变性检测及色谱/质谱分析

应用Ames致突变试验,对比研究了武汉市易家墩、黄孝河污灌区污灌废水与土壤的致突变性。同时应用色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析技术。测定了主要污水中有机污染物的化学组成。结果表明:罗家渠废水的致突变活性最强;受各条污水灌溉的土壤的致突变活性顺序与相应废水的强弱顺序一致;罗家渠废水中致突变致癌物主要是萘、联苯等。     

城市污水致突变物活性及其土壤净化

城市污水及处理出水均程度不同地含有致突物质,其含量在枯水期高于丰水期。污灌区浅层地下水浓集物呈致突变性,而季节变化与原污水同步。浅层地下水GC/MS检测出31种有机化合物,基本与污水一致。实验证明土壤微生物对污水致突物有一定的降解作用。为避免污灌区浅层地下水的污染,污水在灌溉之前必须加强处理,使减少致突物至土壤降解能力所能承受的程度。     

Environmental risk factors for hepatitis A infection in the Zenica–Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the Zenica-Doboj Canton, 1106 hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections were reported during 2000 (an incidence rate of 252/100 000 population), with 996 (90.1%) cases occurring in nine community-wide outbreaks. Analysis of water supplies showed that 398 (19.1%) samples contained coliforms, including 202 (50.8%) that were contaminated with thermotolerant Escherichia coli. Sewage sanitation systems were absent or substandard in 53 910 (81.8%) rural households. The group most affected during outbreaks comprised children aged 7-14 years (incidence rate of 598/100 000). The development of health promotion and prevention initiatives in schools, combined with rigorous hygiene measures, will be necessary to achieve control of the spread of HAV.     

城镇污水综合排放消毒效果实验研究

用实验的方法观察城镇污水综合排放消毒前后效果。消毒前,菌落总数为48000(cuf/ml),总大肠菌和粪大肠菌群>16000(个/L)。消毒后,菌落总数灭活率90分钟达85.93％,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群30分钟灭活率达98％,经统计学处理,有极显著差异。结论 加入有效氯30mg/L,消毒30分钟能达到较好效果,提示城镇污水应有效地消毒后排放。     

2010-2014年广西脊髓灰质炎病原学监测结果分析

目的：评估广西脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）的实验室监测现状,为广西维持无脊灰状态提供实验室依据。方法按世界卫生组织（WHO）的《脊髓灰质炎实验室手册》,对广西2010—2014年急性弛缓性麻痹（acute flaccid paralysis, AFP）监测病例及2011年环境污水标本进行病毒分离,分离到的脊髓灰质炎病毒（poliovirus, PV）阳性株进行型内鉴定及VP1编码区序列测定分析。结果共采集AFP病例粪便标本3016份,环境污水标本72份。从粪便标本中分离到PV 47株,分离率为1.56%;从污水标本中分离到PV 120株。所有PV经型内鉴定均为疫苗相似株。结论2010—2014年广西的AFP病例及2011年的环境标本监测均未检出脊髓灰质炎野病毒（wild poliovirus,WPV）和脊灰疫苗衍生病毒（vaccine-derived poliovirus,VDPV）,提示广西继续保持无脊灰状态。     

Co-Utilization of Sewage Sludge and Rice Husk in Ceramsite Preparation with Selective Adsorption Capacity to Pb

Realizing the green recycling of sludge is an important link to effectively solve the problem of sludge disposal. In this paper, sewage sludge (SS) and rice husk (RH) were utilized as raw materials in preparing novel ceramsite (SRC) for the treatment of lead-containing wastewater, and its adsorption mechanism was explored. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were 40% RH + 60% SS mixture, a sintering temperature of 1190 °C, and a sintering time of 20 min. The basic properties of SRC met Chinese artificial ceramsite filter material standards for water treatment (CJ/T 299-2008). Under optimum adsorption conditions (pH = 6, 1 g/L SRC dosage, 20 mg/L Pb(NO)₃ concentration, 18 h), the removal rate of Pb²⁺ reached 94.7%, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 18.94 mg/g. The adsorption process was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by chemisorption. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH⁰ > 0, ΔG⁰ < 0, ΔS⁰ > 0) indicated that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and endothermic. The possible adsorption mechanisms are as follows: (1) SRC is rich in layered mesoporous structure, which provides sufficient reaction sites for Pb adsorption; (2) the sintered lawsonite and muscovite can strongly attract Pb and then form a new phase (Pb₁₀[Si₂O₇]₃(OH)₂); (3) Pb²⁺ can bond with the Si–O- bond in aluminosilicates, and the introduction of Pb elevates the degree of polymerization of aluminosilicates in turn, indicating that the adsorption process is stable.     

膜生物反应器在处理医院污水中空气微生物的监测

目的监测膜生物反应器(MBR)在处理医院污水过程中散逸的气溶胶对周围环境造成二次污染的程度。方法通过对医院污水处理站内MBR在负压、常压及部分敞开3种状态下的空气微生物进行监测,运用Andersen采样器着重研究空气微生物的数量及粒径分布。结果反应器在负压运行时工作间内的平均细菌和真菌粒子浓度低于常压及部分敞开状态。经过高效空气过滤器处理后的细菌粒子浓度(388CFU/m3)明显小于处理前反应器内部的细菌粒子浓度(8039CFU/m3),去除率达到95.2%。结论负压运行的MBR尾气经过高效过滤器排放未对周围环境造成二次污染。     

中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

  目的  分析山东省不同农村地区的环境卫生与疾病的现状及区域变化特点,为制定相应的干预和控制措施提供依据。  方法  2015 — 2017年,结合山东省地理位置,按东部、中部、西部进行分层,共选取25个县（市）,采用抽签的方法在每县随机抽取20个自然村,每自然村随机抽取5户家庭,共500个村2 500户,采用统一调查表,通过查阅资料、现场调查、访谈、土壤样品采集、实验室检测等方式收集相关信息。  结果  调查县无害化卫生厕所普及率为53.34 %,东、中、西部的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,无害化卫生厕所普及率与区域的人均年纯收入呈正相关（r = 0.997,P < 0.05）。500个村粗死亡率为563/10万,心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病是死亡的主要原因。垃圾、污水处理厂人口覆盖率平均为58.50 %和40.80 %,东、中、西部差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。农村土壤中蛔虫卵检出率为17.20 %,东、中、西部差异无统计学意义（P = 0.31）,活蛔虫卵检出率为5.20 %,东、中、西部差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;东、中、西部的蛔虫卵检出率与人均年纯收入呈显著负相关（r = – 0.998,P = 0.04）。土壤重金属合格率为87.40 %,东、中、西部差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,土壤中镉合格率为89.00 %,东、中、西部差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  山东省不同地域的农村环境因素和疾病间明显相关,西部地区土壤中活蛔虫卵检出率偏高;东部地区土壤污染的主要因素是镉;应针对不同地域特点采取相应的干预和控制措施。