海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎流行病学调查

目的 调查海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)流行病学特征及患病危险因素。 方法 2020年10—11月采用问卷与体检相结合的方式调查海口市3~6岁学龄前儿童AD的流行病学特征,并采用logistic回归分析确定患病危险因素。 结果 海口市学龄前儿童AD总患病率为4.79%,其中男性为5.20%,女性为4.33%,3~4岁儿童为5.65%,5~6岁儿童为4.10%,男女及各年龄段患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AD患儿病情以轻中度为主,64.95%的患儿在1岁内首次发病,45.36%的患儿合并其他过敏性疾病。经logistic回归分析显示父母过敏史、居住城市、儿童被动吸烟、居住环境潮湿、母亲孕期及儿童出生后居住新装修半年内房屋是学龄前儿童AD患病的独立危险因素。 结论 海口市3~6岁学龄前儿童AD患病率较高,父母过敏史、居住城市、儿童被动吸烟、居住环境潮湿、儿童出生后及母亲孕期居住新装修半年内房屋是学龄前儿童AD患病的独立危险因素。     

What Are You Looking at? Joint Attention and Visual Perspective Taking in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study investigated joint attention and visual perspective taking abilities in young children. Twenty children with autism spectrum disorder in the age range of 3–7 years, and 20 age-matched control children participated in the study. Joint attention was assessed by a spontaneous gaze monitoring task, and two tasks measuring eye contact in ambiguous situations. Visual perspective taking was measured using a Level 1 task [(Flavell, J. H., 1978). Nebraska symposium on motivation, Vol. 25, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln]. The children with autism spectrum disorder were not only found to be impaired in their joint attention abilities, but they also showed problems on the visual perspective taking task. These results suggest that the basic dyadic person-object processes may develop in a slower and perhaps qualitatively different way in children with autism spectrum disorder.     

The emergence of the teaching/learning process in preschoolers: theory of mind and age effect

This study analysed the gradual emergence of the teaching/learning process by examining theory of mind (ToM) acquisition and age effects in the preschool period. We observed five dyads performing a jigsaw task drawn from a previous study. Three stages were identified. In the first one, the teacher focuses on the execution of her/his own task without paying any attention to the learner, who simply observes the teacher’s actions. In the second one, the teacher recognises the learner’s status, thereby allowing the learner to begin using more ways of learning. This change reflects the establishment of the complementary relationship between the roles of teacher and learner that is crucial for the teaching/learning process prior to the teacher’s acquisition of ToM. In the third stage, the teacher, who is now somewhat older and has fully mastered ToM, monitors the learner’s behaviour from a distance, while the latter optimises her/his learning.     

学龄前儿童身体活动与执行功能的相关性研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童日常身体活动现状,进一步研究身体活动与执行功能之间的相关性。方法 2018年5-7月在北京地区抽取3家幼儿园,采用方便抽样方法抽取中班儿童201人,连续3 d佩戴加速度计ActiGraph GT9X,采用早期儿童执行功能测量工具包(Early Years Toolbox,EYT)进行工作记忆、抑制控制和转换三项执行功能测试,采用自编问卷调查受试儿童的屏幕时间。结果 学龄前儿童每日中高强度身体活动、总身体活动时间分别为(95.65±29.02)min、(204.58±46.91)min,男女之间每日轻度、中度、剧烈、中高强度以及总身体活动时间存在差异(U=2 593.00,2 136.00,2 440.00,t=4.09,3.68,P<0.05)。每日屏幕时间为(72.84±51.79) min,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。工作记忆、抑制控制、转换三项执行功能测试得分依次是2.40±0.80、0.76±0.16、14.08±3.49,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。身体活动与EYT测试得分相关性分析发现在4岁组儿童中针对转换的测试得分与每日高强度身体活动时间存在显著相关性(r=0.199,P=0.040)。进一步以屏幕时间、每日总身体活动时间,每日中高强度身体活动时间达标与否进行分组,未发现各组间EYT测试得分差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 学龄前儿童存在身体活动不足的状况,身体活动和执行功能之间存在相关性,且这种相关性与身体活动的强度有关。     

2009-2011年杭州伤害监测点3～6岁学龄前儿童首诊伤害特点分析

[目的]探讨2009-2011年杭州伤害监测点3～6岁学龄前儿童伤害的流行病学特征,为实施科学有效的防制措施提供依据. [方法]选取杭州市3家伤害监测哨点医院,采用统一制定的伤害监测登记表对前来就诊的首诊伤害病例进行登记.用EpiData 3.02软件建立数据库,对3～6岁学龄前儿童伤害发生的地点、活动情况、类别、严重程度和性别差异等进行流行病学分析. [结果]调查期间3家哨点医院共接诊3～6岁学龄前儿童884名.学龄前儿童伤害多发生在居所,以夏季为多,其次是秋季;常见于空闲、运动活动的过程中;伤害原因以动物伤(44.00％)、跌伤(或坠落)(30.77％)为多;伤害程度多为轻微浅表伤(80.54％).伤害存在性别差异,学龄前男、女儿童的伤害在发生地点、伤害发生时的活动、伤害原因、伤害的严重程度方面,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05). [结论]应该根据当地实际情况及3～6岁学龄前儿童特点,尽早开展相应的伤害安全教育等干预控制,减少儿童伤害的发生.     

深圳市坪山区学龄前儿童贫血危险因素的1∶1配比病例对照研究

目的 探索学龄前儿童贫血高危因素,为儿童贫血防控提供参考依据。 方法 采用1∶1配比的病例对照研究方法,将2018年7月—2019年7月深圳市坪山区学龄前儿童血常规检测为贫血的儿童纳入病例组,按照班级、性别和年龄配对选择健康的儿童为对照组,收集相关资料,运用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析儿童贫血的高危因素。 结果 采集了301对研究对象的相关信息,对26个主要研究因素进行了单因素分析。结果显示:儿童籍贯,母亲孕前、孕期和哺乳期贫血,母亲主动或被动吸烟,分娩孕周,G6PD缺乏或携带地贫基因与儿童贫血存在统计学关联(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果发现,母亲孕期贫血(OR=5.13,95%CI:3.08～8.53),携带地贫基因(OR=16.80, 95%CI:5.03～56.18)和近两周感冒咳嗽(OR=1.66,95%CI:1.06～2.58)的儿童贫血发生风险较高,而分娩孕周较大的儿童贫血发生风险低于孕周较小的儿童(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.39～0.85)。 结论 母亲孕期贫血,携带地贫基因,近两周感冒咳嗽和分娩孕周是儿童贫血的主要影响因素,在儿童贫血防控过程中应重点关注。     

Maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms,self-esteem,body dissatisfaction and preschooler obesity: a cross-sectional study

The primary aim of the present study was to cross-sectionally examine the associations between maternal psychosocial variables, child feeding practices, and preschooler body mass index z-score (BMI-z) in children (aged 2–4 years). A secondary aim was to examine differences in child weight outcomes between mothers scoring above and below specified cut-offs on the psychosocial measures. Two hundred and ninety mother–child dyads were recruited from Melbourne, Australia, and completed questionnaires examining demographic information, mothers’ depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem and body dissatisfaction, restrictive and pressure child feeding practices, and preschoolers’ BMI-z scores. Independent t-tests and hierarchical multiple regression were employed to analyse the data. In the final regression model, none of the maternal psychosocial measures or feeding practices predicted child BMI-z scores; maternal body mass index and employment status were the only predictors of preschooler BMI-z. However, independent t-tests revealed that children of mothers with elevated body dissatisfaction scores had significantly higher BMI-z scores than children of mothers without elevated scores. The results suggest that psychosocial variables are not related, cross-sectionally, to preschooler weight outcomes; however, further research is needed to replicate the group differences noted between mothers with and without body dissatisfaction, and to track these relationships longitudinally.     

西安市6595名学龄前儿童体格发育偏离和常见病患病现况及相关因素分析

目的 了解西安市某城区学龄前儿童体格发育偏离及常见病患病情况,为做好儿童保健工作提供参考。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取西安市某区17家托幼机构 2017年在园儿童6 862人,于3-9月入园体检,对符合条件的6 595名儿童的体检结果进行统计分析。结果 生长迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率分别为0.23%、0.14%、0.94%;超重率12.87%、肥胖率11.89%;患龋率15.51%、贫血率5.14%。男童低体重率、肥胖率高于女童(P<0.01);随着年龄的增加,儿童生长迟缓、低体重、肥胖、龋齿、贫血的检出率增加(P<0.001);民办幼儿园儿童生长迟缓率、肥胖率、贫血率均大于公办幼儿园(P<0.01)。结论 西安市该城区学龄前儿童营养不良比例较低,身高、体重达标率有待进一步提高,超重、肥胖率偏高,龋齿、贫血患病的绝对人数不容忽视。     

北京市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖影响因素研究

目的分析影响学龄前儿童肥胖的主要因素,为采取干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用方便样本整群抽样方法,对北京市五所幼儿园中2~7岁儿童的家长共计400名进行问卷调查和访谈。定性访谈结果采用关键词提取,进行归纳分析。根据中国学龄前儿童生长发育标准[体质指数(body mass index,BMI)≥85%为超重或肥胖]判断是否超重或肥胖;将人口学特征,家庭因素及饮食和运动行为作为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果儿童超重或肥胖的独立危险因素包括:儿童高出生体重(≥4 000g)(OR=31.55;95%CI:1.78~4.17,P0.001);母亲选择剖宫产(OR=4.89;95%CI:1.42~16.89,P=0.01);混合喂养(OR=25.90;95%CI:3.07~218.39,P0.001),人工喂养(OR=11.15;95%CI:1.686~73.7121,P=0.01)。保护因素包括:父亲的受教育程度高(OR=0.32;95%CI:0.12~0.89,P=0.03)、每天吃粗粮的次数多(OR=0.43;95%CI:0.21~0,87,P=0.02)、家人一起吃饭的次数多(OR=0.86;95%CI:0.75~0.98,P=0.02)。结论学龄前儿童肥胖的危险因素与父母受教育程度、对肥胖的认知及儿童的饮食运动行为有关。     

3,653名学龄前儿童末梢血微量元素结果分析

目的检测苏州市区学龄前儿童末梢血微量元素含量，评估缺乏状况。方法用BH5100型原子吸收光谱仪检测苏州市N3，653名学龄前儿童末梢血铜铁锌钙镁含量。结果铁缺乏率占第l位（49．38％），锌第2位（24．43％），钙第3位（6．57％），铜和镁不缺乏（0．55％和0．38％）。不同性别间各元素含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论苏州市学龄前儿童铁、锌、钙缺乏较为普遍，应合理补充。