阿合奇县柯尔克孜族女学生月经初潮状况的调查分析

目的：对阿合奇县柯尔克孜族女学生月经初潮年龄、身高、体重、痛经状况及经前症状等进行现况调查，为研究新疆柯尔克孜族人群的发育水平提供参考资料。方法：问卷形式进行调查，采用寿命表法计算初潮年龄等并采用作图法显示整个月经来潮过程。结果：柯尔克孜族女学生月经初潮年龄高峰为14岁，初潮发生季节高峰为夏季，平均初潮年龄呈提前趋势，有痛经和经前症状者较多。月经初潮对身高、体重有一定影响。结论：阿合奇县柯尔克孜族女学生平均初潮年龄明显提前，与我国汉族和其他少数民族青少年生长发育特点一致。     

Trends in pubertal development in Europe

The secular changes in growth and maturation can be seen as indicators of socio-economic and health status. In most European countries the age of onset of puberty and of menarcheal age has been decreasing during the past few decades. The duration of puberty seems also to decrease, though few studies provide sufficient data to support this postulation. The four Dutch nationwide growth surveys are useful examples assessing the secular trend in pubertal development over the past 45 years. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the secular changes. Environmental factors seem to be the most important. Recently, attention has been given to substances with oestrogen-like actions that are present in nutrients. The possible role of these substances in growth and maturation is discussed.     

Evolution of age at menarche and at onset of regular cycling in a large cohort of French women

BACKGROUND: Early exposure to ovarian hormones is considered to increase breast cancer incidence. The age at which the ovaries become functional is thus important. METHODS: We explored the evolution of age at first menstruation and at onset of regular cycling in 86 031 women participating in the E3N-EPIC cohort study, part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer. RESULTS: We observed an increase in mean age at menarche among women born between 1925 and 1930, followed by a steady decrease in the youngest birth cohorts. In contrast, age at onset of regular cycling increased gradually from 1925 onwards. There was thus a steady increase in the interval between age at menarche and at onset of regular cycling, mainly due to an increase in the percentage of women in whom regular cycling started at least 5 years after menarche (from 9.0% among women born in 1925-1929 to 20.8% in those born in 1945-1950). The increase in the interval between menarche and onset of regular cycling was even greater among women with a late menarche. CONCLUSIONS: This increase might be due to a change in dietary intake and/or physical exercise aimed at achieving the slim silhouette desired by the younger generations.     

Maternal Age at Menarche and Pubertal Timing in Boys and Girls: A Cohort Study From Chongqing,China

PurposeThis study explored the association of maternal age at menarche (AAM) with pubertal timing among girls and boys in Chongqing, China.MethodsPubertal development of 1,237 children (542 girls and 695 boys) were examined half-yearly through inspection and palpation from April 2014 to June 2019. Characteristics of parents and maternal AAM were collected by a parental questionnaire at baseline. Maternal AAM was used both as a continuous and a categorical variable in Cox regression models.ResultsA total of 1,198 children (528 girls and 670 boys) were included in the study. In the simple Cox model, earlier maternal AAM was associated with girls' earlier menarche, breast and pubic hair development, and boys' first ejaculation, testicular development, and genital development. When adjusting for children's body mass index z-scores (BMIz) and socioeconomic covariates, we found that girls whose mothers had early AAM had a higher risk of earlier onset of menarche (hazard ratio [HR]: .922, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .852–.998 for continuous maternal AAM, HR: 1.297, 95% CI: 1.041–1.616 for maternal AAM ≤13 years), and boys whose mother achieved menarche earlier experienced a higher risk of earlier onset of first ejaculation (HR: .896, 95% CI: .830–.968). Children's BMIz were related to all nine pubertal milestones. Parental education and relationship, birth weight, parity, and family type were also associated with pubertal timing.ConclusionsEarlier maternal AAM was related to earlier pubertal timing in both girls and boys in Chongqing, especially girls' age at menarche and boys' first ejaculation. Children's BMIz was the most consistent factor for pubertal timing. Children's BMIz and socioeconomic conditions had greater influence on most pubertal milestones than maternal AAM.     

Contributions of chronological age,age at menarche and menopaus and of anthropometric parameters to axial and peripheral bone densities

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 128 normal postmenopausal women at different skeletal sites: lumbar spine and proximal femur, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the cancellous and cortical envelopes of the distal third of radius and tibia, using precise low-dose quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Multivariate analysis included chronological age, ages related to menstrual history (menopause and menarche) and anthropometric factors, e.g. height and weight, as independent predictive variables. Weight is a much-studied predictor of bone density. At sites of high bone turnover, i.e. cancellous envelope, the effect of weight appeared overshadowed by estrogen-related parameters: age-past-menopause was the first predictor of BMD in the cancellous compartment of radius and in Ward's triangle, and the number of reproductive years was the strongest predictor of BMD in the cancellous compartment of tibia and in the spine (L2–4). This suggests that in addition to menopause, the length of menstrual life should be considered as an explanation for the variations in current bone mass in postmenopausal women.At the cortical level of radius, the effect of chronological age was predominant. At the cortical level of tibia, height and weight were the best predictors of BMD.We conclude that the influence of parameters related to menstrual history is predominant in sites with mainly cancellous tissue and that anthropometric factors constitute the best predictors of BMD in the cortical sites of weight-bearing bones.     

What it Means to Bleed: An Exploration of Young Women's Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation

As a topic of psychoanalytic inquiry, menstruation is surprisingly absent from psychoanalytic literature: menstruation as a part of female psychosexual development is in need of further empirical exploration. The research uses semi‐structured interviews with six young women to explore individual experiences of the menarche and menstruation. The data is analysed using narrative and thematic analysis and interpretations, made within a (broadly classical) psychoanalytic frame, drive the results. In this condensed version of the research, three central findings will be discussed: (1) the role of mother in negotiating the menarche; (2) the difficulty of irregular periods and the fear that something internal has ‘gone wrong’; (3) the link to ideas of mess, dirt and shame, potentially reflective of feelings about sexuality. The research concludes that menstruation is an area worthy of careful psychoanalytic consideration in theory and in clinical practice.     

女性初潮前后骨代谢生化因子与雌激素、瘦体重相关分析

目的:探讨女性骨代谢生化因子骨钙素(OC)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)在初潮前后的变化特征及其相关影响因素。方法:以平均年龄(11.4±0.6)岁的115名小学女生为对象,测量其身高(H)、体重(W)、脂肪含量(FM)、瘦体重含量(LM),血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、性激素结合蛋白(SHBG)及血清OC、BAP和TRAP。随访获得实验对象的初潮时间,以测量时相距初潮的时间作为自变量,拟合骨代谢生化因子及相关指标的回归曲线方程。采用偏相关方法检测骨代谢生化标志物与其影响因素之间的相关性。结果:初潮前呈上升趋势的OC、BAP在初潮时显著下降,而TRAP从初潮前至初潮一直下降。从初潮前至初潮,H与BAP(r=0.22,P=0.001)、OC(r=0.21,P=0.002)和TRAP(r=0.14,P=0.04)显著相关,E2、LM与BAP(E2:r=0.2,P=0.003;LM:r=0.15,P=0.029)、OC(E2:r=0.34,P<0.0001;LM:r=0.30,P<0.0001)也显著相关,与TRAP无明显相关。结果表明:女性初潮时骨代谢速度明显减慢,身高增长与骨代谢密切相关,雌激素和瘦体重含量是骨组织代谢的相关影响因素。     

Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10-14-year-olds

This study used multilevel regression modelling to longitudinally investigate the influences of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses and maturity on the development of isokinetic knee extension and flexion on eight occasions over a 4-year period. Forty-one subjects (20 boys and 21 girls) were measured and 295 isokinetic leg strength tests and associated measures were successfully completed. Subjects were aged 10.0 &#45 0.3 years at the onset of the study. Stature, body mass, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, and sexual maturation (according to pubic hair development) were assessed at each test occasion. Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion of the dominant leg were determined to elicit maximal peak extension (PET) and flexion torque (PFT). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Multilevel regression modelling indicated that stature and mass were significant predictors of both PET and PFT. Age and maturity were non-significant explanatory variables once stature and mass had been accounted for. Skinfold thickness exerted a significant negative effect independent of mass and stature on PFT but not PET. At test occasion 8, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the knee extensors (ExCSA) and flexors (FlexCSA) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging on 23 boys and 14 girls and examined as predictors of isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant sex-related differences in PET or PFT. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between ExCSA and PET and FlexCSA and PFT for both boys and girls. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that ExCSA and FlexCSA were significant explanatory variables for PET and PFT, respectively, but became non-significant once stature and mass had been introduced into the analysis. To conclude, there were no significant sex differences in PET or PFT between the ages of 10 and 14 years and the development of PET and PFT could be accounted for by the increase in stature and mass. Age, maturity and thigh muscle CSA were all non-explanatory variables in the production of PET and PFT once body size had been controlled for.     

Age of puberty in Iranian girls living in Tehran

The aim of this study was to determine the age of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in Iranian girls living in Tehran. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2003 and 2004 on 1420 6–17-year-old females in different parts of Tehran. Data were collected on the basis of a multistage probability sampling. Secondary sexual characteristics were evaluated by inspection and palpation, and were recorded according to Tanner staging. The subjects were asked about the occurrence of menarche and the age of its onset. Generalized additive logistic modelling was used for the analysis of data. The median age (percentile 10–percentile 90) of Tanner 2 of breast development (B2) and Tanner 2 of pubic hair growth (P2) among 1136 girls was 9.74 years (8.23–11.94) and 10.49 years (8.86–12.17), respectively. The ages of the 2.5 percentile for B2 and P2 were 7.42 and 7.03 years, respectively, so the onset of puberty at <7 years and 5 months is considered precocious in this population. The median age of menarche in 399 girls was 12.68 years (11.27–15.96).     

Early menarche and premature natural menopause in Indonesia

Background: An association has been suggested between early menarche and premature natural menopause. However, existing studies in developed countries show mixed findings.

Aim: This study examined whether early menarche (first menstrual period ≤11 years old) is a factor for premature natural menopause (final menstrual period <40 years old) in the context of a developing country.

Subjects and methods: Data came from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2014, which consists of 1608 post-menopausal women.

Results: Results of hierarchical logistic regression show that women who experienced early menarche (first menstrual period ≤11 years old) were found to be at higher risk of premature natural menopause (β?=?0.94, p?<?0.01, CI?=?0.24–1.63). The results are robust against potential confounding factors including individual reproductive history, lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as unobserved factors at the household and community levels.

Conclusion: The findings support early monitoring of women with early menarche, especially those who have no children, for preventive health interventions aimed at mitigating the risk of adverse health outcomes associated with premature natural menopause.