Medical waste management and environmental assessment in the Rio University Hospital,Western Greece

At this study a multi-criteria model was developed to examine the available procedures, techniques and methods of handling infectious waste in the large healthcare unit of University Regional General Hospital of Patras, Western Greece. Particularly, this study examined the: a) current legislation and Directives issued for medical waste management at Greece and among the other EU-members, b) contribution of healthcare wastes (HCW) generation rate on social and economic parameters in selected European countries, c) available procedures, techniques, and methods upon the disposal of infectious wastes at the healthcare studied, and, d) propositions for integrated management of such hazardous wastes. Specifically, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was applied under pair wise comparison matrices in two stages: 1) the scale factors and the indicators, and 2) the criteria and their sub–criteria. The assessment of these pair wise matrices included the indicators and the sub–criteria. Subsequently, two pair wise comparison matrices, upon a) the “Fulfillment of environmental objectives” indicator and b) the “Energy consumption” sub criterion, were denoted. The AHP methodology yielded good results; however there is still space of improving the environmental performance. The normalized relative weights obtained for the criteria and sub criteria motivated specific actions that have to be handled. Particularly, the results indicated a very good value in environmental management criteria due the values obtained for the commitment towards the environmental policy standards and the waste management procedures. However, further improvements on staff awareness (such as development programs to enhance sensitivity) and more green purchasing suppliers, should be further addressed.     

废弃物处理——一个刻不容缓的问题

介绍了香港环保署通过１０年努力的完整的固体废弃物收运，处理及处置系统，以及他们为实现废弃物减量化和资源化所采取的策略与行动。由此提出上海浦东新区在固体废弃物管理和环卫设施建设上应加强关注；逐步按规划实施；采用多种形式设计，建造，营运环卫设施以及开展全方位宣传教育活动的建议。     

提高医疗废物管理信息追溯覆盖率

针对医疗废物管理信息追溯覆盖率低开展QC小组活动。经调查,确认计量项目信息追溯覆盖率低为问题症结,采用头脑风暴法分析原因并对要因逐一确认,从开展针对性培训、采用二维码信息录入方式、引入智能称量终端等方面进行改进。对策实施后,医疗废物管理信息追溯覆盖率从69.9%提高到94%,实现对医疗废物的严格监管、精准追溯。     

天津市双口生活垃圾卫生填埋场渗沥液处理

介绍了天津市双口生活垃圾卫生填埋场渗沥液处理情况，对渗沥液处理场运行中出现的一些现象做了初步分析。     

混凝沉淀法预处理垃圾渗沥液

介绍了用混凝沉淀法预处理垃圾渗沥液试验。试验确定用浓度为0．1％的聚合硫酸铁作为混凝剂，并对混凝剂的投加量、pH、搅拌时间、搅拌速度、沉降时间等进行了试验研究。结果表明，混凝剂的投加量为0．5kg／m^3，pH为10，搅拌速度为110r／min，搅拌时间为60s时，处理效果最佳，CODc，去除率为25％，悬浮物去除率89％。     

环孢菌素A菌渣无害化减量化技术研究

目的 采用嗜热微生物处理环孢菌素菌渣，实现环孢菌素生产过程中的菌渣减量排放。方法 将培养好的厌氧芽孢杆菌(Anoxybacillus mongoliensis SIIA-1501a)、土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp. SIIA-1501g)和极端嗜热菌(Calditerricola yamamurae SIIA-1501c)依次分期加入环孢菌素菌渣堆肥培养，使菌渣减量化，并使菌渣中的环孢菌素残留降低。结果 环孢菌素菌渣经过厌氧芽孢杆菌堆肥处理5~8d，嗜热地芽孢杆菌堆肥处理4~7d和极端嗜热菌堆肥处理4~6d，环孢菌素菌渣减量80%以上，废渣中环孢菌素残留去除率近99%。结论 采用三联菌处理环孢菌素菌渣，实现了无害化和减量化，废渣中环孢菌素残留基本去除，具备较好的环境效益和社会效益。     

Beneficiation of eucalyptus tree barks in the context of an integrated biorefinery – Optimisation of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of polyphenolic compounds using response surface methodology

Bark from trees obtained from sustainably managed plantations used in the production of timber, pulp and paper is an under-utilised waste in many countries across the world. However, in the context of an integrated biorefinery, they may serve as a valuable feedstock for the production of high-value products for increased revenue generation and mitigation of environmental impacts for the ailing forestry, timber, pulp and paper industry. In this study, optimum accelerated solvent extraction conditions were established for the recovery of total polyphenolic compounds (TPC) and total extractive content (TEC) from barks obtained from four Eucalyptus tree species (E.dunnii, E.grandis, E.smithii and E.nitens). Using a response surface methodology and Box-Behnken experimental design, optimum extraction conditions found were an extraction temperature of 117 °C, three extraction cycles, and a milled bark particle size class of 500–850 μm. E. smithii showed the highest TEC at 21.9% and the highest TPC at 4.7 g/100 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE).     

医院静脉用药集中调配中心浪费成品输液统计分析

目的：分析成品输液浪费的原因,减少药品浪费,节约经济成本。方法统计2008年1月至2011年12月4年来医院静脉用药集中调配中心（ PIVAS）（不包括门诊PIVAS）记录的浪费的成品输液,对造成浪费的原因进行统计、分析。结果 PIVAS共浪费成品输液388组,其中因打包、退费找药失误造成的浪费有133组（占34．28％）,错误摆药又错误配置导致的浪费有72组（占18．56％）,成品输液破损62组（占15．98％）。结论 PIVAS成品输液浪费大部分是人为因素,通过全体工作人员在每个工作环节的细心、认真工作,药品浪费可以减少。     

Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments

Sewage contains a mixed ecosystem of diverse sets of microorganisms, including human pathogenic viruses. Little is known about how conventional as well as advanced treatments of sewage, such as ozonation, reduce the environmental spread of viruses. Analyses for viruses were therefore conducted for three weeks in influent, after conventional treatment, after additional ozonation, and after passing an open dam system at a full-scale treatment plant in Knivsta, Sweden. Viruses were concentrated by adsorption to a positively charged filter, from which they were eluted and pelleted by ultracentrifugation, with a recovery of about 10%. Ion Torrent sequencing was used to analyze influent, leading to the identification of at least 327 viral species, most of which belonged to 25 families with some having unclear classification. Real-time PCR was used to test for 21 human-related viruses in inlet, conventionally treated, and ozone-treated sewage and outlet waters. The viruses identified in influent and further analyzed were adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, parechovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, pecovirus, picobirnavirus, parvovirus, and gokushovirus. Conventional treatment reduced viral concentrations by one to four log10, with the exception of adenovirus and parvovirus, for which the removal was less efficient. Ozone treatment led to a further reduction by one to two log10, but less for adenovirus. This study showed that the amount of all viruses was reduced by conventional sewage treatment. Further ozonation reduced the amounts of several viruses to undetectable levels, indicating that this is a promising technique for reducing the transmission of many pathogenic human viruses.     

101堆废水贮存罐区源项调查

目的 通过源项调查判断101堆废水贮存罐的运行状态。方法 对废水贮存罐周围的地下水和土壤及转运泵房进行调查,通过现场测量和取样实验室分析,找出土壤污染严重的区域和辐射剂量水平较高的区域。结果 对废水贮存罐周围土壤及地下水分析结果表明,废水贮存罐在已往运行期间没有对周围土壤及地下水造成不良影响;对转运泵房调查结果表明转,运泵房区域土壤及转运泵房内部地面受到了不同程度的放射性污染。结论 总体上讲,101堆废水贮存罐运行状态良好。