重庆市主要交通干道机动车尾气污染状况

目的：探讨重庆市机动车尾气污染状况,为研究其对人群健康的影响提供依据.方法：测定重庆市主要交通干道空气中铅含量、苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]浓度、总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2.5和PM1浓度并进行相关分析.结果：重庆市各主要交通干道尾气污染物浓度均超过国家环境卫生标准.结论：该市应采取措施控制机动车尾气污染环境.     

远程医疗会诊车应用情况及改进建议

介绍了远程医疗会诊车的性能特点、使用方法、功能及应用范围并提出了改进建议。     

Disposition of a silicon-containing amide, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase, in dog and rat

The pharmacokinetics of 3-(decyldimethylsilyl)-N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1-phenylethyl]propanamide (DMPP), an inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, have been studied in the dog and the rat using 14C and 3H dual-labelled drug. In both species, gastrointestinal absorption of DMPP was slow and incomplete, amounting to approximately 20 per cent of the oral dose given in corn oil. In the rat, use of PEG-400, Tween 80, ethanol, and aqueous CMC as vehicles resulted in similar or lower absorption than corn oil. Absorbed DMPP was rapidly and extensively distributed to body tissues. Data from the rat showed highest concentrations of radioactivity in the liver and spleen, while concentrations in the adrenals and lung also markedly exceeded circulating radioactivity levels. In both dog and rat. DMPP was completely metabolized prior to excretion. The routes of biotransformation involved hydrolysis of the amide bond, oxidation of the phenyl ring, and degradation of the decyldimethylsilyl propanoyl moiety. The metabolites of DMPP were excreted slowly, predominantly in the faeces. The elimination half-life of 14C was 105 h in the dog and 83 h in the rat, while that of 3H was approximately 32 h in both species.     

Permeant lipophilicity and vehicle composition influence accumulation of dyes in hair follicles of human skin

In skin and hair research drug targeting to the hair follicle is of great interest. Therefore the influence of permeant lipophilicity and vehicle composition on local accumulation has been examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Formulations saturated with either Oregon Green^® 488, Bodipy^® FL C₅ or Bodipy^® 564/570 C₅ were prepared. The dyes were applied in citric acid buffer, 8% (w/v) surfactants in citric acid buffer or 8% (w/v) surfactants/20% (w/v) propylene glycol in citric acid buffer. Flow-through diffusion experiments were performed with fresh human scalp skin, after which the skin was imaged using CLSM. Diffusion studies showed for Oregon Green^® 488 (low lipophilicity) a higher flux when applied in citric acid buffer compared to surfactants. In contrast the fluxes of the more lipophilic dyes (Bodipy^® FL C₅ and Bodipy^® 564/570 C₅) are highest when applied in surfactants/propylene glycol. CLSM studies revealed that follicular accumulation increased with (i) a lipophilic dye and (ii) application of lipophilic dyes in surfactants–propylene glycol. Therefore we conclude that targeting to the hair follicle can be increased by the use of lipophilic drugs in combination with surfactant solutions and propylene glycol.     

Considerations in Seating and Positioning Severely Disabled Drivers

Seating and positioning methods and products have taken a lead in clinical intervention with the disabled client. The seating clinician has emerged as an important member of the rehabilitation team working toward maximizing independence and function of the clients they serve. Seating and positioning interventions have proven to be very effective in stabilizing the client's trunk and torso, making it possible to achieve the once impossible task of driving a motor vehicle. The areas of acceleration deterioration, improved head height, and design of a secure wheelchair base are all concerns for the rehabilitation team working on driving. Addressing these issues early in the driver rehabilitation program can maximize successful outcomes and create a safer driving environment.     

中国2006－2010年机动车道路交通伤害中驾驶员违法行为研究

目的 了解中国机动车道路交通伤害中驾驶员违法行为流行现状、趋势及其特征,为制定相关防治对策与措施提供科学依据.方法 以万车死亡率、10万人口死亡率、里程死亡率、机动化程度和死亡系数等指标分析2006－2010年中国机动车道路交通伤害中驾驶员存在的各类违法行为现状、趋势及其特征.结果 2006－2010年中国机动车道路交通伤害中,前五位违法行为依次是超速行驶(死亡系数:0.33～0.17)、未按规定让行(死亡系数:0.26～0.14)、无证驾驶(死亡系数:0.21～0.08)、违法占道行驶(死亡系数:0.17～0.04)和逆向行驶(死亡系数:0.11～0.07).酒后驾驶和疲劳驾驶2010年死亡系数分别降至0.04和0.02,所致机动车道路交通伤害的发生数量远远低于前五项违法行为.结论 中国机动车道路交通伤害总体数量呈下降趋势,但严重程度呈上升趋势,违法行为仍然很严重.     

Motor Vehicle Mismatch-Related Spinal Injury

Abstract

Background/Objective: Motor vehicle collision (MVC)-related spinal cord injury (SCI) is the mostprevalent etiology of SCI. Few studies have defined SCI risk factors. Vehicle mismatch occurs in 2-vehicleMVCs in which there are significant differences in vehicle weight, stiffness, and height. This study examinedSCI risk and vehicle mismatch.

Methods: A matched case-control study using the 1995 to 2003 National Automotive Sampling System(NASS). Study subjects were identified from 2-vehicle MVCs. Cases were occupants who had suffereda cervical, thoracic, or lumbar SCI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were calculated.

Results: There were 101,682 cases of SCI matched to 805,091 controls. Occupants of passenger vehiclesinvolved in MVCs with a light truck or van (LTV) were at increased risk for SCI (OR= 1.87, 95% Cl= 1.07-3.24) and this risk was greatest for thoracic SCI (OR= 5.09, 95% Cl= 2.33-11.13). In addition, occupants ofL TVs involved in MVCs with passenger vehicles were at significant increased risk for cervical (OR= 1. 39) andlumbar (OR= 2.65) SCI; and occupants of LTVs involved in MVCs with other LTVs were at increased risk ofany SCI (OR= 2.02, 95% Cl= 1.52-2.69). For these subjects, significant increased risks were seen for all spineregions: cervical (OR= 1.41), thoracic (OR= 2.86), and lumbar (OR= 2.38).

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that occupants of passenger vehicles are at increased SCI riskwhen involved in 2-vehicle MVCs with L TVs; and that occupants of L TVs are at increased SCI risk, regardless     

Occupational stress factors and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators

BACKGROUND: If alcohol consumption mitigates psychological and physiological aspects of the response to stressors, then alcohol consumption might be elevated for individuals exposed to high occupational stressors. Frequency of work stressors and reaction to those stressors were studied in relation to several alcohol-related outcomes. METHODS: During the period 1993-1995, 1979 transit operators underwent medical examinations for commercial driver's license renewal. Questionnaire and interview data concerning occupational stress factors and alcohol-related outcomes were available for 1386 (70.2%) of the operators. RESULTS: A positive association was found between the two job stressor-related measures and each of six alcohol-related outcomes. Of these 12 associations, ten were statistically significant. Individuals experiencing high self-reported frequency of job stressors and a higher perceived severity of those job stressors were more likely to drink and more likely to be heavy drinkers. They reported more consequences of alcohol consumption, reported increased consumption since beginning work as transit drivers, and were more likely to report drinking to deal with work stress. They also drank more, but this effect was not significant for either job stress measure. There was virtually no association between either stressor-related measure and alcohol dependency (CAGE). CONCLUSIONS: Together with other published findings, these results suggest increased alcohol-related outcomes in the presence of work stressors. This conclusion has potential implications for worksite health promotion and job design. Because our findings are cross-sectional, further research is needed to clarify the causal nature of the work stressor-alcohol association. Further research also is needed to clarify the role of individual differences and context.     

Inflammatory response after phacoemulsification treated with 0.5% prednisolone acetate or vehicle

Purpose  To compare the inflammatory response after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, using postoperative treatment with 0.5% prednisolone acetate eye drops or vehicle. Design  A multi-center randomized double-masked vehicle-controlled, parallel group phase IV study. Methods  Sixty-two eyes of 62 patients undergoing phacoemulsification were examined at five German university eye hospitals (Mainz, Heidelberg, Bonn, Erlangen, Frankfurt/Main). Patients received either 0.5% prednisolone acetate eye drops (group 1) or vehicle eye drop solution (group 2) four times a day until day 2, then open-label treatment with 0.5% prednisolone acetate eye drops four times a day continued until day 14 for all patients. Postoperative inflammation was evaluated by using laser flare photometry. Secondary efficacy variables included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal edema, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia and ocular discomfort. Results  In group 1, median flare rose from 7.4 photon counts/ms preoperatively to 31.0 photon counts/ms at day 1. In group 2, the flare increased from 8.6 photon counts/ms preoperatively to 30.5 photon counts/ms at day 1. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. At day 3, flare measures were reduced in group 1 but remained fairly unchanged in group 2 (20.8 photon counts/ms vs 32.6 photon counts/ms), which was statistically significant (p = 0.0055). At day 14, photon counts were comparable in both groups (13.0 photon counts/ms vs 11.4 photon counts/ms), respectively. Both groups were comparable regarding secondary efficacy variables. Conclusions  0.5% prednisolone acetate appeared to be significantly more effective as vehicle in controlling intraocular inflammation after phacoemulsification; both groups had a similar safety profile. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00170729     

Influence of vehicle population on atmospheric levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Application of the linear regression between vehicle types/numbers and PAH contents (Particle + Vapor) within a radius of 60 and 300 miles can be employed to assess the impact of long range atmospheric transportation (LRAT) to the level of PAHs in the rural atmosphere of Whitbourne,UK.In general,higher R-values coupled with lower P-values were found in those samples within a radius of 300 miles,whereas lower R-values were detected in those samples within a radius of 60 miles.R-values of PAH concentrations vs.all vehicle numbers within radius of 300 miles ranged from 0.51 to 0.92 with the arithmetic mean of 0.75 ± 0.12,whilst those R-values within a radius of 60 miles ranged from 0.05 to 0.61 with the arithmetic mean of 0.11 ± 0.28.This supports the hypothesis that PAHs in Whitbourne undergo LRAT.