排序方式: 共有34条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S》2016,30(5):389-392
Life expectancy for people with severe mental disorders is up to 25 years less in comparison to the general population, mainly due to diseases caused or worsened by smoking. However, smoking is usually a neglected issue in mental healthcare settings. The aim of this article is to describe a strategy to improve tobacco control in the hospital mental healthcare services of Catalonia (Spain). To bridge this gap, the Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals launched a nationwide bottom-up strategy in Catalonia in 2007. The strategy relied on the creation of a working group of key professionals from various hospitals —the early adopters— based on Rogers’ theory of the Diffusion of Innovations. In 2016, the working group is composed of professionals from 17 hospitals (70.8% of all hospitals in the region with mental health inpatient units). Since 2007, tobacco control has improved in different areas such as increasing mental health professionals’ awareness of smoking, training professionals on smoking cessation interventions and achieving good compliance with the national smoking ban. The working group has produced and disseminated various materials, including clinical practice and best practice guidelines, implemented smoking cessation programmes and organised seminars and training sessions on smoking cessation measures in patients with mental illnesses. The next challenge is to ensure effective follow-up for smoking cessation after discharge. While some areas of tobacco control within these services still require significant improvement, the aforementioned initiative promotes successful tobacco control in these settings. 相似文献
2.
Vaquero Raya EC 《Gastroenterologia y hepatologia》2012,35(8):577-584
For many years, the classification of chronic pancreatitis has been oversimplified according to whether the cause is alcoholic (60-70% of cases according to published series) or non-alcoholic (20-40% of the remaining cases). Recognition of smoking as an important risk factor and increasing identification of factors of genetic susceptibility have placed these percentages in doubt and have led to a reconceptualization of the disease as a multifactorial process. Mutations in the PRSS1, SPINK1 and CFTR genes have been confirmed as major risk factors, while mutations in the CTRC and CASR genes are considered lesser risk factors for the development of chronic pancreatitis. These genetic variants are expressed in a much higher percentage of patients with chronic pancreatitis than could be expected by chance. The trans-heterozygous combination multiplies the risk of chronic pancreatitis and demonstrates the degree of complexity of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of the disease. Ductal obstruction and autoimmunity are other important etiologic factors of chronic pancreatitis that need a specific review. The present article reviews the latest studies evaluating the role of alcohol and smoking in chronic pancreatitis and the most significant genetic factors. 相似文献
3.
Rafael Golpe Pilar Sanjuán LópezEsteban Cano Jiménez Olalla Castro AñónLuis A. Pérez de Llano 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2014
Introduction
Exposure to biomass smoke is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unknown whether COPD caused by biomass smoke has different characteristics to COPD caused by tobacco smoke.Objective
To determine clinical differences between these two types of the disease.Methods
Retrospective observational study of 499 patients with a diagnosis of COPD due to biomass or tobacco smoke. The clinical variables of both groups were compared.Results
There were 122 subjects (24.4%) in the biomass smoke group and 377 (75.5%) in the tobacco smoke group. In the tobacco group, the percentage of males was higher (91.2% vs 41.8%, P < .0001) and the age was lower (70.6 vs 76.2 years, P < .0001). Body mass index and FEV1% values were higher in the biomass group (29.4 ± 5.7 vs 28.0 ± 5.1, P = .01, and 55.6 ± 15.6 vs 47.1 ± 17.1, P < .0001, respectively). The mixed COPD-asthma phenotype was more common in the biomass group (21.3% vs 5%, P < .0001), although this difference disappeared when corrected for gender. The emphysema phenotype was more common in the tobacco group (45.9% vs 31.9%, P = .009). The prevalence of the chronic bronchitis and exacerbator phenotypes, the comorbidity burden and the rate of hospital admissions were the same in both groups.Conclusion
Differences were observed between COPD caused by biomass and COPD caused by tobacco smoke, although these may be attributed in part to uneven gender distribution between the groups. 相似文献4.
Jaime Signes-Costa José Ignacio de Granda-Orive Ángela Ramos Pinedo Ana Camarasa Escrig Eva de Higes Martínez Carlos Rábade Castedo Eva Cabrera César Carlos A. Jiménez-Ruiz 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2019,55(11):581-586
The use of novel tobacco products, particularly the electronic cigarette (EC) and partial tobacco combustion devices (HnB systems: Heat not Burn), has increased exponentially, particularly among adolescents and young people. The health authorities and scientific societies have shown concern about issues surrounding safety and effectiveness (as a method of smoking cessation). A study of the available scientific evidence has concluded that the safety of the vapor or fumes inhaled by the users of these devices cannot be guaranteed. Contradictory results from various clinical trials and meta-analyses also mean that these devices cannot be recommended for their effectiveness in cessation, especially when safe and effective treatments are available to help quit smoking (varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy, and bupropion, combined with psychological counseling). 相似文献
5.
Pérez-Milena A Martínez-Fernández MA Redondo-Olmedilla M Nieto CÁ Pulido IJ Gallardo IM 《Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S》2012,26(1):51-57
Objective
To determine the motivations (attitudes, beliefs and experiences) for tobacco consumption among adolescents.Methods
This study was based on qualitative methodology using six 50-minute discussion groups with 6-8 adolescents per group during the 2008/09 school year. Purposive sampling was performed of 12-18 year-old adolescents attending a middle-class urban school (Jaén, Spain). The sample was stratified by educational level as the homogeneity criterion and gender and tobacco consumption as the heterogeneity criterion. Content analysis consisted of coding, triangulation of categories and obtaining and verifying the results.Results
There were 44 adolescents (54% male). The participants reported that smoking relaxed and improved self-image, providing security (boys) and improving relations with the opposite sex, as well as weight control (girls). The family encouraged smoking by providing a model to imitate, although many adolescents hid their smoking from their families. Friends constituted a pressure group to start or continue smoking. Starting secondary school marked the beginning of experimental use. Society tended to accept consumption and buying tobacco was easy for minors. University students were a role model and were free to smoke. The adolescents looked to their parents and educators/health workers to provide a model of abstinence and reported that they were well informed but only remembered powerful messages. Participants unanimously indicated that tobacco causes addiction, but in proportion to the duration of consumption, and were concerned only with the immediate symptoms caused by smoking. Teenage smokers associated multiple drug use with leisure time.Conclusions
This study provides useful data on motivation that could be used to improve smoking prevention interventions among adolescents. The most important factors seem to be peer influence, parental attitudes, easy access to tobacco and symptoms of dependence. 相似文献6.
7.
《Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S》2015,29(2):131-134
ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car; to compare exposure among children with smoking and non-smoking parents.MethodsIn 2011, a self-administered questionnaire was applied to a 4th grade Portuguese children national sample (N = 3187, mean age 9.5 ± 0.7, 51.1% boys). Prevalence rates and chi-square tests were computed.ResultsOf the participants, 52.0% reported having, at least, one smoking parent. Overall exposure in the car was 28.9% (95% CI 27.3-30.5). Children's exposure among those reporting smoking parents was 46.9% (95% CI 44.4-49.4); and 8.6% (95% CI 7.1-10.1) among those reporting non-smoking parents (p<.001). Therefore, children with smoking parents were 5.44 times more likely to be exposed.ConclusionsChildren's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car is frequent, especially if one or both parents smoke. This highlights the need for effective tobacco control measures to prevent this severe health hazard. 相似文献
8.
Miguel Ángel Royo-Bordonada Pedro Armario José María Lobos Bejarano Juan Pedro-Botet Fernando Villar Álvarez Roberto Elosua Carlos Brotons Cuixart Olga Cortés Benilde Serrano Miguel Camafort Babkowski Antonio Gil Núñez Antonio Pérez Antonio Maiques Ana de Santiago Nocito Almudena de Castro Eduardo Alegría Ciro Baeza María Herranz Pilar Campos 《Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S》2017,31(3):255-268
The VI European Guidelines for Cardiovascular Prevention recommend combining population and high-risk strategies with lifestyle changes as a cornerstone of prevention, and propose the SCORE function to quantify cardiovascular risk. The guidelines highlight disease specific interventions, and conditions as women, young people and ethnic minorities. Screening for subclinical atherosclerosis with noninvasive imaging techniques is not recommended. The guidelines distinguish four risk levels (very high, high, moderate and low) with therapeutic objectives for lipid control according to risk. Diabetes mellitus confers a high risk, except for subjects with type 2 diabetes with less than <10 years of evolution, without other risk factors or complications, or type 1 diabetes of short evolution without complications. The decision to start pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension will depend on the blood pressure level and the cardiovascular risk, taking into account the lesion of target organs. The guidelines don’t recommend antiplatelet drugs in primary prevention because of the increased bleeding risk. The low adherence to the medication requires simplified therapeutic regimes and to identify and combat its causes. The guidelines highlight the responsibility of health professionals to take an active role in advocating evidence-based interventions at the population level, and propose effective interventions, at individual and population level, to promote a healthy diet, the practice of physical activity, the cessation of smoking and the protection against alcohol abuse. 相似文献
9.
《Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S》2020,34(1):10-14
ObjectivesEach year tobacco is responsible for 650,000 deaths in Europe and 55,000 in Spain. With tobacco advertising and promotion banned in Spain and most of Europe, the last bastion of marketing is the packaging. Plain tobacco packaging —which involves packs having a standardised appearance— has been proposed to counter this. The objective of this study is to research perceptions arising from the plain packaging of tobacco products.MethodsWe employed a qualitative research methodology -focus groups- with smokers and non-smokers in in two medium-sized Andalusian towns (Spain).ResultsResults show the importance of plain cigarette packaging as a form of promotion, particularly among women and young people, how pack colour influences product perceptions, and how removing full branding increases the salience of the warnings.ConclusionsPlain packaging, combined with pictorial health warnings, may reduce the capacity of packaging to be distinctive and a badge product. Altering pack design in such a way would make it more difficult for tobacco companies to create a favourable image of their brands and may help to reinforce the ability of the population to protect themselves from the dangers of smoking. 相似文献
10.
Julio Ancochea Marc Miravitlles Francisco García-Río Luis Muñoz Guadalupe Sánchez Víctor Sobradillo Enric Duran-Tauleria Joan B. Soriano 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2013