三苯氧胺对二甲基苯蒽诱发的大鼠乳腺癌的影响

应用 Ｄ Ｍ Ｂ Ａ 诱发的雌性 Ｓ Ｄ 大鼠乳腺癌模型,初步探讨了大鼠乳腺受致癌剂作用后,三苯氧胺对乳腺癌发生的影响。结果显示：三苯氧胺使恶性肿瘤出现的平均潜伏期明显延长,恶性肿瘤的发生率明显降低。     

miR-34c-3p与M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞在三阴性乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:检测miR-34c-3p与M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)在三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)中的表达,并探讨其在乳腺癌发病中的意义。方法:选择2017年2月至2018年1月于西京医院就诊的68例TNBC患者作为实验组(A组),以同期就诊的70例乳腺纤维腺瘤患者作为对照组(B组)。采用Real-time RT-PCR 检测组织标本中miR-34c-3p的表达;流式细胞检测M2型TAM的表达;ELISA法检测血清中IL-10的表达。并进一步分析miR-34c-3p的表达与乳腺癌M2型TAM及血清IL-10水平的相关性。结果:A、B组miR-34c-3p的相对表达量分别为0.84±0.08、1.29±0.71,A组明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与B组比较,A组M2型TAM(CD68+CD163+)细胞比例显著升高(P<0.05)。A组血清IL-10的表达［(19.69±4.93) pg/ml］较B组［(17.26±3.51) pg/ml］显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TNBC组织中miR-34c-3p的表达与M2型TAM比例及血清IL-10表达均呈显著负相关(r=-0.508,r=-0.656,P<0.05)。结论:TNBC组织中miR-34c-3p的表达下调,M2型TAM比例及血清IL-10表达均显著升高,促进TNBC进展。     

甘肃地区乳腺癌患者的CYP2D6基因多态性及代谢表型特征分析

目的:分析乳腺癌患者的CYP2D6基因多态性和代谢表型,为乳腺癌患者进行他莫西芬（TAM）个体化临床治疗提供参考依据。方法:选取2018年1月至2019年1月于我院乳腺科确诊的170例乳腺癌患者外周血,通过Sanger测序技术对CYP2D6基因的9个外显子进行全面具体分析。结果:本研究主要发现有5个CYP2D6等位基因变异位点:CYP2D6*10、CYP2D6*4、CYP2D6*7、CYP2D6*41和CYP2D6*5,其对应的发生频率分别为66.5%、5.9%、2.4%、0.6%和0.6%;其中,CYP2D6*10/*10基因型在乳腺癌患者中占据主导地位,发生频率为60.6%。结论:中国甘肃地区乳腺癌患者,多以CYP2D6*10等位基因、CYP2D6*10/*10基因型、TAM中间代谢型为主,这可为乳腺癌患者选择相应的个体化药物治疗方案以及本地区乳腺癌患者今后大规模的药物遗传基因组学研究提供参考数据。     

基于技术接受模型的新建医院信息系统护士使用满意度影响因素研究

介绍技术接受模型特点及应用情况,基于技术接受模型并应用问卷调查方法,分析新建医院护士使用医院信息系统满意度现状及影响因素,提出护理管理者应根据护士不同特征,采取针对性措施提高护士使用医院信息系统满意度。     

Immunomodulatory aspects in the progression and treatment of oral malignancy

Inflammation substantially affects the risk of oral malignancy. Pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, confers anti-tumor activity using several different mechanisms. Conversely, higher expression of interleukin (IL)-17 is associated with worse prognosis. Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 correlates positively with poor long-term survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. IL-1α affects cancer associated fibroblasts and macrophages, and promote several malignant phenotypes including immune suppression. Some anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, relate to pro-tumoral activities.Among immune checkpoint modulators, programmed death (PD-)1 and PD-ligand (L)1 facilitate oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell evasion from immune surveillance, and the expression status of these has a prognostic value.OSCCs contain tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) as major stromal cells of their tumor microenvironment. Among the two distinctive states, M2 macrophages support tumor invasion, metastasis and immune suppression. Crosstalk between TAMs and OSCC or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) plays an important role in the progression of OSCC.Clinical trials with blocking antibodies against IL-1α or melanoma-associated antigens have been reported as therapeutic approaches against OSCCs. The most promising approach activating antitumor immunity is the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Manipulating the polarization of pro-tumorigenic macrophages has been reported as a novel therapeutic approach.     

Tamoxifen induces resistance to activated protein C

Introduction

The estrogen antagonist tamoxifen (TAM) increases the thrombotic risk similar to estrogen containing oral contraceptives (OC). In OC users this risk is attributed to alterations of hemostasis resulting in acquired resistance to activated protein C (APC). TAM-induced APC resistance has not been reported yet.

Materials and Methods

Blood samples were collected prospectively from women with breast cancer before (n = 25) and monthly after start of adjuvant TAM treatment (n = 75). APC resistance was evaluated on basis of the effect of APC on the endogenous thrombin generation potential. To detect increased in vivo APC generation APC plasma levels were measured using a highly sensitive oligonucleotide-based enzyme capture assay. Routine hemostasis parameters were measured additionally.

Results

APC sensitivity decreased by 41% (p = 0.001) compared to baseline after one month of TAM application and remained significantly decreased during the study period. Free protein S increased (p = 0.008) while other analyzed procoagulant factors, inhibitors, and activation markers of coagulation decreased or did not change significantly. In five patients the APC concentration increased to non-physiological levels but an overall significant increase of APC was not observed.

Conclusions

This is the first study showing acquired APC resistance under TAM therapy. Acquired APC resistance might explain the increased thrombotic risk during TAM treatment. Observed changes of hemostasis parameters suggest different determinants of TAM-induced APC resistance than in OC-induced APC resistance. The presence of acquired APC resistance in TAM patients warrants further evaluation if these patients may benefit from antithrombotic prophylaxis in the presence of additional thrombotic risk factors.     

三苯氧胺在肝癌化疗中作用机制的实验研究

目的 研究三苯氧胺在肝癌化疗中的作用效果，并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。方法 通过阿霉素（ADM）浓度梯度递增诱导法，建立人肝癌多药耐药细胞株Hep-3B／ADM。MTT法检测细胞对化学疗法药物的敏感性；流式细胞仪检测细胞表面多药耐药基因（MDRI）表达产物P-170及分析细胞内Rhdaming123（Rh123）相对荧光强度；流式细胞仪及电镜观察TAM对ADM诱导Hep-3B／ADM细胞凋亡的影响。结果 TAM预处理组ADM对Hep-3B／ADM细胞的IC50下降为非预处理组的1／7；TAM（2．5μmol／L）处理前后，Hep-3B／ADM细胞表面P-170表达及细胞内Rh123相对荧光强度均无明显变化；TAM（2．5μmoL／L）可明显增强ADM诱导Hep-3B／ADM细胞凋亡的效果。结论 TAM（2．5μmol／L）具有增强ADM对Hep-3B／ADM细胞的毒性作用，其作用机制与逆转MDR无关，而是增强了ADM诱导耐药细胞凋亡的作用。     

TAM receptors attenuate murine NK-cell responses via E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b

TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer) are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are expressed by multiple immune cells including NK cells. Although RTKs typically enhance cellular functions, TAM receptor ligation blocks NK-cell activation. The mechanisms by which RTKs block NK-cell signaling downstream of activating receptors are unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that TAM receptors attenuate NK cell responses via the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b). Specifically, we show that Tyro3, Axl, and Mer phosphorylate Cbl-b, and Tyro3 ligation activates Cbl-b by phosphorylating tyrosine residues 133 and 363. Ligation of TAM receptors by their ligand Gas6 suppresses activating receptor-stimulated NK-cell functions such as IFN-γ production and degranulation, in a TAM receptor kinase- and Cbl-b-dependent manner. Moreover, Gas6 ligation induces the degradation of LAT1, a transmembrane adaptor protein required for NK cell activating receptor signaling, in WT but not in Cbl-b knock-out NK cells. Together, these results suggest that TAM receptors may attenuate NK-cell function by phosphorylating Cbl-b, which in turn dampens NK-cell activation signaling by promoting the degradation of LAT1. Our data therefore support a mechanism by which RTKs attenuate, rather than stimulate, signaling pathways via the activation of ubiquitin ligases.     

The heterogeneous immune microenvironment in breast cancer is affected by hypoxia-related genes

The immune system constitutes an important first-line defence against malignant transformation. However, cancer mediated immunosuppression inactivates the mechanisms of host immune surveillance. Cancer cells shut down anti-cancer immunity through direct cell–cell interactions with leukocytes and through soluble factors, establishing an immunosuppressive environment for unimpeded cancer growth. The composition of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in breast tumours is not well documented. To address this question, selected immunosuppressive factors were analyzed in tumour specimens from 33 breast cancer patients after surgery. The mRNA expression of selected genes was quantified in fresh tumour samples. Tumour infiltrating leukocytes were characterized by flow cytometry to identify regulatory T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, and type 2 macrophages. Statistical analysis revealed several interesting correlations between the studied parameters and clinical features. Overall, a surprisingly high degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the immunosuppressive environment was found across all breast cancer samples which adds to the complexity of this disease. The influence of the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) on the immune microenvironment was also addressed. The level of HIFs correlated with hormone receptor status and the expression of several immunosuppressive molecules. Targeting HIFs might not only sensitize breast tumours for radiation and chemotherapies but also interfere with cancer immunosuppression.