Serial order short-term memory capacities and specific language impairment: No evidence for a causal association

This study re-explored the nature of verbal short-term memory (STM) deficits in children with specific language impairment (SLI), by distinguishing item and serial order STM processes. Recent studies have shown serial order STM capacity to be a critical determinant of language development, relative to item STM. In Experiment 1, 12 children with SLI, 12 age-matched children and 12 language-matched children were administered serial order recognition and reconstruction tasks. Experiment 2 assessed implicit serial learning abilities via a Hebb learning task. The SLI group showed impaired performance for the serial order reconstruction and recognition tasks, relative to language-matched and/or age-matched control groups. However, normal serial position effects were observed in all SLI children in the serial order reconstruction task, suggesting normal coding of serial position information. Similarly, performance on the Hebb serial learning task was at chronological age appropriate levels. Experiment 3 showed that the group differences observed for the serial order STM tasks in Experiment 1 disappeared when the SLI group was compared to a mental age-matched control group. Experiment 4 showed similar performance levels in the SLI group and the mental age-matched control group for a nonword recognition task assessing item STM capacities. This study shows that children with SLI have no specific impairments for serial order and item STM components but that poorer general cognitive efficiency is related to functional limitations in verbal STM tasks. The data are in line with limited information processing accounts of SLI.     

对我国目前麻风防治策略的思考

1949-2008年我国累计登记麻风患者48万余例,主要分布在北纬38°以南的东南沿海和长江流域省份.新中国成立后,经过积极防治,至20世纪80年代初,以氨苯砜单疗治愈的患者达31万余例;1986年在全国普遍推广WHO联合化疗方案,至2008年底全国累计接受联合化疗的麻风患者近8万例.     

灰色系统理论对城市道路交通噪声的建模与预测

以豫西三门峡市1996～2000年道路交通噪声监测数据为依据，运用灰色系统理论建立了GM(1，1)预测模型，经用四种不同方法对模型精度进行检验，均满足要求，用此模型预测三门峡市未来几年道路交通噪声呈下降趋势。     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的短期血压变异性研究

目的 比较高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的短期血压变异性。方法 将155例分为对照组、高血压组、高血压合并轻度或中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停组，EE较患者不同活动状态的短期血压变异性。结果 高血压合并中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停组患者睡眠期间和早晨血压变异系数分别为：收缩压18．69、21．32；舒张压19．41、23．61，明显高于其他各组。结论 夜间睡眠期间和早晨短期血压变异性增加，是高血压合并中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者夜间和早晨心血管事件发生率增加的重要危险因素。     

Reduction of ECS produced retrograde amnesia by post-trial introduction of strychnine

Strychnine sulfate was used to reduce the amount of retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Male Swiss-Webster mice were trained on the step-down passive avoidance task, given ECS and then injected intraperitoneally with either 0.1 mg/kg strychnine or saline. The animals were tested in the apparatus one to twenty-four hours later. Mice given ECS alone displayed partial memory for the training (by responding with longer latencies) if tested within two hours after training, but did not display retention twenty-four hours later. Animals given strychnine following ECS had significantly longer step-down latencies at twenty-four hours than did the saline or no injection controls. Further experiments replicated the basic results, and also showed that strychnine injections delayed two hours after the training trial attenuated ECS-induced retrograde amnesia, but that a three hour injection delay was ineffective. The results were interpreted in terms of changes in short-term and long-term memory.     

Effects of sex and estrous cycle on modulation of the acoustic startle response in mice

Potential sex differences in amplitude, habituation, prepulse inhibition (PPI) and prepulse facilitation (PPF) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) were investigated using male and female mice from the two different inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (C57) and C3H. Furthermore, the effects of the estrous cycle were tested. The estrous cycle appeared to have no effect on ASR amplitude, habituation, PPF and PPI, the latter being in contrast to results in rats and humans. While sex had no effect on PPI or PPF, males exhibited higher startle amplitudes than females, irrespective of strain, which we discuss to be due to increased male anxiety. In addition, long-term habituation was stronger in C57 males and short-term habituation was weaker in C3H males with respect to females. These results provide evidence for influence of the reproductive hormones on startle reactivity and startle habituation; we therefore conclude that future studies involving genetic influences on behavior using inbred strains are only complete if both sexes are included.     

江苏省卫生人力资源配置的公平性及预测研究

目的 评价江苏省卫生人力资源配置的公平性,预测各类卫生人员的数量,为江苏省卫生事业的发展提供理论依据。方法 运用泰尔指数与集聚度评价资源配置的公平性,运用灰色GM (1, 1) 模型、多项式回归模型、二次指数平滑法以及组合预测模型对数据进行预测。结果 2015—2019年江苏省泰尔指数总体呈上升趋势,卫生人力资源配置差异性拉大,注册护士的资源配置差异最大。从地区来看,卫生人力资源集聚度由大到小分别为苏南＞苏中＞苏北。卫生人员灰色GM (1, 1) 模型预测效果最好,其他三类人员均是组合预测模型预测效果最好。结论 江苏省应合理配置卫生人力资源,加大卫生人员的培养力度,加强卫生人才队伍建设。     

Hypothesized neural dynamics of working memory: several chunks might be marked simultaneously by harmonic frequencies within an octave band of brain waves

The capacity of working memory (WM) for up to about seven simple items holds true both for humans and other species, and may depend upon a common characteristic of mammalian brains. This paper develops the conjecture that each WM item is represented by a different brain wave frequency. The binding-by-synchrony hypothesis, now being widely investigated, holds that the attributes of a single cognitive element cohere because electroencephalogram (EEG) synchrony temporarily unifies their substrates, which are distributed among different brain regions. However, thought requires keeping active more than one cognitive element, or WM "chunk," at a time. If there is indeed a brain wave frequency code for cognitive item-representations that are copresent within the same volume of neural tissue, the simple mathematical relationships of harmonies could provide a basis for maintaining distinctness and for orderly changes. Thus, a basic aspect of music may provide a model for an essential characteristic of WM. Music is a communicative phenomenon of "intermediate complexity," more highly organized than the firing patterns of individual neurons but simpler than language. If there is a distinct level of neural processing within which the microscopic physiological activity of neurons self-organizes into the macroscopic psychology of the organism, it might require such moderate complexity. Some of the obvious properties of music--orderly mixing and transitions among limited numbers of signal lines-are suggestive of properties that a dynamic neural process might need in order to organize and reorganize WM markers, but there are a number of additional, nonobvious advantageous properties of summating sinusoids in music-like relationships. In particular, harmonies register a stable periodic signal in the briefest possible time. Thus, the regularity of summating sinusoids whose frequencies bear harmony ratios suggests a particular kind of tradeoff between parallel and serial processing. When there are few copresent waves, at EEG frequencies, this sort of parallel coding retains behaviorally meaningful brief periods. A necessary companion hypothesis is that the brain wave frequencies underlying WM are confined to a single octave; that is, the upper and lower bounds of the band are in the ratio of 2:1. This hypothesized restriction, suggested by an empirical property of EEG bands that has been widely reported but rarely commented upon, has the important property of precluding spurious difference rhythms. A restriction to an octave, of "harmonious" frequency-markers for WM items, also seems consistent with a great deal of behavioral data suggesting that WM comprises a rapidly fading trace process in which only up to three or four item-representations are strongly activated simultaneously. There is also an additional, sequential renewal-or-revision process, within which up to another three or four items are being actively refreshed by rehearsal or replaced. Such serial processing may involve a less stringent octave band crowding problem.     

超声测量胎儿LL/FSTT预测胎儿体重

目的：探讨应用B型超声测量胎儿肝脏长度与胎儿股骨皮下组织厚度的比值（LL/FSTT）预测胎儿出生体重的临床价值。方法：用B型超声对400例胎儿双顶径、头围、腹围、股骨长度、肝脏长度与股骨皮下组织的厚度进行测量并分析与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果；肝脏长度与股骨皮下组织厚度的比值和胎儿体重密切相关（r=0.901）。对正常胎儿体重、巨大儿、胎儿宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）诊断的敏感性分别是88％、89％、86％，特异性分别是90％、92％、88％。结论：用胎儿肝脏长度与股骨皮下软组织厚度的比值预测胎儿体重的方法简单、准确，为临床掌握分娩时机和分娩方式提供可靠参考数据。     

Longitudinal monthly body measurements from 1 to 12 months of age: a study by practitioners for practitioners

A longitudinal growth study with monthly measurements during the 1st year of life was conducted by nine paediatricians working in private practice in Zurich. Of 92 children, none was lost to the study and only 32 of 1104 planned visits were missed; the quality of the measurements was comparable to that of a specialised university clinic. Compared to the Zurich Longitudinal Growth Studies, children of this study were considerably heavier and taller. In 92% of the subjects, growth velocity was at least once outside the reference range (3rd–97th percentile). For weight increments, the corresponding proportion was 87%. Conclusions The data indicate that current standards for the 1st year of life for the Zurich area might no longer be appropriate and need to be updated. The currently used velocity percentiles based on 3-monthly measurements are not suitable to assess individual height and weight increments calculated from monthly measurements. Received: 9 June 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 21 November 1997