Seafaring stressors aboard merchant and passenger ships

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to identify stressors in seafaring aboard merchant and passenger vessels. Furthermore, their dependence on occupational and non-occupational factors was assessed. Methods:  A total of 134 male seafarers sailing under Germanflagged vessels were interviewed (response 81.3 %). The seamen rated the individual stress level of 23 different stressors aboard. Results:  Separation from their family (named 48 times), time pressure (30 times), long working days (28 times), heat in workplaces (24 times), and insufficient qualification of subordinate crew members (16 times) were regarded as the most important stressors aboard. In comparison to non-officers, officers stayed on board for considerably shorter periods (4.8 vs. 8.3 months) but had significantly more often an extremely high number of working hours (63.5 % vs. 21.1 %, Chi-square-test: p < 0.001). Correspondingly, officers complained more frequently of a higher stress level due to time pressure (52.4 % vs. 36.6 %). Conclusions:  Particular attention should be paid to preventive organizational measures such as avoiding long-time separation from family, time-pressure, extremely long working days, and a long stay on board. Submitted: 10 August 2007; revised: 25 September 2008, 16 December 2008; accepted: 23 January 2009     

盐田港船舶供应食品监测结果分析

[目的]分析盐田港船舶供应食品监测结果,以指导和完善船舶供应食品卫生监管工作。[方法]对2007年11月-2009年5月船舶供应的蔬菜、水果、畜禽肉、水产品等4类食品,按不低于10％抽查比例进行随机抽样,分别进行农药残留和微生物检验项目的检测。[结果]船舶供应食品农药残留抽检初筛检出率2．98％,微生物阳性率0．65％,期间未发生食品卫生安全事件。[结论]出入境检验检疫机构应以实验室检测结果为指导,更科学更有针对性地对船舶供应食品进行检疫监管,保证食品安全卫生。     

鼠疫疫区来船检疫查验要述

为做好鼠疫疫区来船的检疫查验,防止鼠疫从国外传入,作者参考有关文献,并结合自己的工作实践,提出及时掌握疫情信息,详细了解入境人员健康状况,认真检查船舶上的鼠虫患情况,加强对来自疫区的货物、固体垃圾和易感动物的卫生管理,是防止鼠疫通过船舶传播的重要措施。     

船用新型隔热绝缘材料(MBP)常温释放物、高温热解物测定及毒性评价

目的　为船舶舱室能否使用新型 (MBP)隔热绝缘材料作安全性评价。方法　定性、定量测定材料常温 (45℃ )释放物及高温 (煤气火焰 )热解物组份 ;动物急性吸入材料高温热解物毒性试验。结果　该材料常温释放物为一氟三氯甲烷 (氟里昂 - 1 1 ) ,其浓度低于水面船舶舱室空气组份容许浓度(GJB1 1 .2 - 91 ,1 992 )。该材料高温热解物 2 0种 ,7种为中等毒性物质 ,1 3种为低毒或微毒物。动物急性吸入高温热解物半数致死质量浓度 L C5 0 >5 0 mg/L。结论　该材料可以在水面船舶安全使用     

Adjustment of the oral temperature rhythm to a fixed watchkeeping system on board ship

Summary Oral temperature data were collected from 12 members of the crew of an oil tanker at sea. Most of the personnel examined were engaged on watchkeeping duties on a 4 on, 8 off fixed-hours system; the remainder included 3 day-workers. The study commenced after the subjects had been following their particular work schedules continuously for several weeks, thus providing good opportunity for adaptation to them. Observations were made at 4-hourly intervals during waking hours, over a period ranging from 8 to 13 days in individual cases. The form of the mean curves produced by averaging the readings over all days indicated that a reasonable degree of adjustment of the temperature rhythm to the different sleep/wake routines imposed by the work system had occurred. Estimates of rhythm phase and amplitude obtained by single cosinor time series analyses of the sequential data supported this impression. However, further investigations are needed to substantiate these findings, and also to determine how long it takes for the rhythm adjustment process to reach completion in inexperienced workers.Dedicated to Professor G. Hildebrandt on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

天津电子口岸信息平台船情管理系统的建立

[目的]及时收集出入境船舶的基本信息和管理信息,实现口岸各部门的信息沟通和有效监管。[方法]建立一个多部门共享的口岸船情管理网络平台,实现船舶检验检疫网上申报、管理与预警。[结果]实现了船舶档案管理、船舶出入境申报管理、船舶预确报申报管理、船舶动态管理的信息化和口岸各部门的资源共享,实现了对船舶的有效预警和诚信管理。[结论]该系统提高了口岸各单位获取船舶相关信息的效率,提高了监管水平,降低了船舶代理及相关单位的通关成本。     

致渔民眼部灼伤的船舱内硫化氢污染调查

目的 调查渔民发生眼部灼伤的船舱中硫化氢(H2S)的污染情况.方法 共监测56艘渔船舱内H2S浓度,56名渔民接受眼部检查.其中,对21艘既发生渔民眼灼伤又符合监测条件的渔船进行舱内空气采样,以确定H2S灼伤眼部及全身中毒的末期浓度;并对舱内H2S浓度、舱内作业时间与眼灼伤程度之间关系进行分析;将30艘未卸鱼货渔船分为2组,分别应用鼓风、喷洒法和自然敞开法消散H2S,以确定消散H2S的有效方法.选定只有眼部球结膜轻度充血或轻微咳嗽的渔民所在5艘渔船进行单次监测,确定H2S灼伤眼、呼吸道黏膜的阈浓度.结果 56名接受眼部检查的渔民中,有46例(92只眼)发生眼灼伤,其中中度灼伤10例(20只眼)、轻度36例(72只眼),来自21艘船.21艘引起渔民眼灼伤渔船舱内H2S浓度为(99±38)mg/m3.30艘未卸货渔船舱内首次监测H2S浓度为(219±31)mg/m3;鼓喷组H2S浓度为(213±24)mg/m3,自然敞开组H2S浓度为(225±36)mg/m3;消散1.0 h后鼓喷组H2S浓度为(21±3)mg/m3,衰减(192±21)mg/m3,衰减率为90%;自然敞开组H2S浓度为(184±36)mg/m3,衰减(41±8)mg/m3,衰减率为18%;两组衰减浓度比较差异有统计学意义(t=25.627,P＜0.05).渔船舱内引起渔民眼灼伤的阈浓度为38 mg/m3.暴露时间120 min,10例眼部中度灼伤渔民所在7艘渔船舱内H2S浓度为(123±9)mg/m3;19例轻度眼灼伤渔民所在7艘渔船舱内H2S浓度为(54±7)mg/m3,两组H2S浓度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=14.236,P＜0.05).结论 船舱内H2S浓度高,暴露时间长,可加重渔民眼部灼伤.短时间消散船舱内H2S有效方法为舱底鼓风、舱内喷洒雨雾.     

2007—2010年厦门港船舶饮用水水质状况调查

目的了解厦门港2007—2010年船舶饮用水卫生状况,对今后开展相关的工作提出有针对性的意见或建议。方法按整群抽样方法选取5家船舶公司的船舶作为研究对象,采集其饮用水,检测水样菌落总数、总大肠菌群、浑浊度、余氯、pH、色度等指标,并对调查资料用SPSS14.0进行统计和分析。结果采集船舶饮用水水样162份及岸上取水点水样121份,其中船上水样菌落总数、总大肠菌群、浑浊度、余氯、pH、色度等指标全部合格份数为45份,合格率为27.78%,岸上水全部合格数为96份,合格率为79.34%。合格率进行比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=73.659,P<0.001)。不同类型船舶饮用水水质合格率进行比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.933,P<0.005),其中拖轮的合格率最高,其次为作业船、客轮,货轮的合格率最低。结论应加强对船舶饮用水的卫生管理,监管部门应加大监管力度,保证水质的卫生安全。     

一起国际航行船舶船长突然死亡病例的死因探讨

目的通过一起国际航行船舶船长突然死亡病例的死因探讨,对事件发生过程进行思考并提出建议。方法通过流行病学调查,临床症状、体征,结合现场检查和病史等进行传染病排查,分析和探讨死亡病例的死因。结果排除传染病致死的可能性,提出死因假设。经分析,死因可推断为肠梗阻?消化道穿孔?急性心肌梗死?结论口岸医院应完善检查手段;用药应符合指征;同船船员应密切关注患病者并及时救助;检疫人员应尽早登轮检疫。     

海港口岸禽流感防制对策

禽流感是主要流行于禽类的烈性传染病 ,属于我国一类动物疫病。但是该病近年来开始袭击人类 ,一旦流行会给人类生命健康造成严重威胁 ,并使家禽养殖业蒙受严重的经济损失。船舶及交通员工的往来是携带并传播病毒的主要途径之一 ,本文提出了在口岸地区加强船舶检疫 ,防止禽流感通过船舶传入传出的对策及卫生处理方法 ,以期对当前的防制禽流感工作提供帮助