安顺市区沙门氏菌环境污染调查

在贵州省安顺市１９８５年水型伤寒爆发流行后，为调查该市环境中沙门氏菌污染情况，我站于１９８６～１９８８年对市区所属医院和贯城河污水及部分食物的沙门氏菌进行了监测，共采集污水及食品６１９份，沙门氏菌阳性率为４１．８４％，分属Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ１五个群１２个血清型，伤寒沙门氏菌经Ｖｉ噬菌体分型为Ｍ１型。纸片药敏试验为多重性耐药菌株。阐明了沙门氏菌流行的部分传播媒介途径。     

生活污水浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群浓度的关系

目的：了解污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度与CODcr(化学耗氧量)、BOD5(生化需氧量)及粪大肠菌群浓度之间的关系。方法：于污水净化处理前后，分别取水样测定水中浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度，并将相同水样测得的浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度配对作相关分析。结果：污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度高时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也高，当水中浑浊度低时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也低，浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群之间存在着密切的正相关。结论：污水净化处理过程中可以通过测定水中浑浊度的高低来间接反映污水净化处理的效果。浑浊度测定方法简单，易于操作，适合于基层单位评价水质净化处理效果。     

固相化细胞吸附浓集法分离污水中脊髓灰质炎病毒的实验研究

〔目的〕建立一个适用于污水中脊髓灰质炎病毒分离培养的方法。〔方法〕采用固相化的L2 0B细胞吸附法 ,浓集污水中的脊髓灰质炎病毒 ,将浓集物再用活的L2 0B细胞培养。〔结果〕能够检出 10 0 0ml水中的 0 .1～ 10TCID50 量的脊髓灰质炎病毒 ,在10 0 0ml预处理后的污水中加入 10TCID50 量的病毒 ,亦可以检出。〔结论〕本方法的有效检出限为 10TCID50 / 10 0 0ml,可用于污水中的脊髓灰质炎病毒的浓集和分离培养。     

白龙港深度脱水污泥集装化运输陆运方案比较研究

针对上海市白龙港污水处理厂深度脱水污泥的集装化运输,提出了3种不同的陆运方案,并对建设周期、设备投资、人员配置、运行经济性、工程验证、以及现有生活垃圾集装化运输的影响等进行了综合分析。工程验证结果表明:推荐采用集装箱竖式装料、竖式短驳车和运输车进行短驳和运输的方案2,不仅人员配置少,且对现有生活垃圾集装化运输无影响。     

Low sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics generate new types of resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to modern medicine. Routes of transmission of resistant bacteria are complex and include spread between humans, between humans and animals, between animals and to humans and animals via the environment. Recent findings have shown that resistant bacteria can be selectively enriched even at antibiotic concentrations several hundred-fold lower than previously expected, such as those found in sewage water. In addition, these low concentrations can select for high level resistant bacteria with very low fitness cost in contrast to resistant bacteria selected at high concentrations such as during antibiotic treatment of patients. This calls for action to determine what concentrations and combinations of antibiotics that can be considered safe in waste water and ensure proper measures to reduce the antropogenic contamination with antibiotics.     

The prevalence of colistin resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food animals in China: coexistence of mcr-1 and blaNDM with low fitness cost

Increasing colistin resistance is a global concern because colistin is used as a last resort for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. The plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1 was found in distinct bacterial species isolated from humans, animals, and the environment. In this study, farms in four different agricultural provinces in China were investigated to determine the occurrence of the antimicrobial resistance and related genes. A total of 373 Escherichia coli and 54 Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from 510 non-duplicated samples. Of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 72.7% and 66.7%, respectively, were susceptible to colistin. Isolates resistant to colistin comprised 46.6% of the samples isolated from Shandong, and 17.8% and 16.4% of the samples from Jilin and Henan, respectively. Twenty-six carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates were resistant to colistin, in which both mcr-1 and bla_NDM were present. Specifically, the co-existence was found in isolates from animals and sewage. Most of the resistance genes were located on plasmids and were 40–244 kilobases. Growth curves of transconjugants carrying mcr-1, bla_NDM-1, bla_NDM-4, bla_NDM-5, and bla_NDM-9 showed a low fitness cost compared with the recipient. In conclusion, mcr-1 was widespread in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from farms in China. Co-existence of mcr-1 and bla_NDM-9 was identified in different sequence types of E. coli with low fitness cost from various origins, indicating an urgent need to take measures for decreasing dissemination.     

昆山市医疗机构污水检测结果分析

[目的]了解昆山市各医疗机构排放的污水消毒处理结果状况,为有关部门监测监督管理提供科学依据,提高污水排放合格率.[方法]按国家<医疗机构污水排放要求>附录检测方法与排放标准对我市医疗机构2003～2006年所排放的污水抽样检测与结果的合格率评估.[结果]2003～2006年度共抽检222份污水样本,检测结果符合国家排放标准134份,总合格率为60.36%,其中2003年合格率为88.89%,2004年合格率为56.36%,2005年合格率为75.56%,2006年合格率为53.98%.[结论]2003～2006年医疗机构所排污水合格率较低,应引起有关部门高度重视,加强对法律法规宣传、监测、监督管理力度.     

污灌土壤有机提取物对原代大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的研究

[目的]研究污灌土壤有机提取物对原代大鼠肝细胞DNA的损伤。[方法]选取A、B、C3类污灌农田土壤为研究对象,地下水灌溉的土壤D为对照,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,并用彗星试验检测土壤有机提取物对原代大鼠肝细胞DNA的损伤情况。[结果]A、B、C、D3个剂量组(0.3g/ml,0.6g/ml,0.9g/ml)土壤有机提取物均可导致DNA迁移长度增加,拖尾率增高;A、B、C与D组相同染毒剂量比较,DNA迁移长度增加,拖尾率增高。[结论]A、B、C、D中均含有大量的DNA损伤物质,且A、B、C所含有机物的毒性要强于D.     

铁路含油废水回用绿化对土壤和植物的影响研究

目的：探讨铁路含油废水达标后回用于绿化，水中残留污染物在长期使用中是否在土壤和植物中富集，对土壤和植物有何影响，是否会造成污染。方法：按照国家的标准分析方法，对铁路含油废水回用于绿化对土壤和植物的影响进行了2年的研究。结果：对所监测的数据进行了统计学处理，精密度、准确度完全符合国家分析标准。结论：使用达到《铁路回用水水质标准》后的含油废水回用于绿化，对土壤和植物没有不良影响，不会造成污染。     

Microbiological and chemical quality of sludges from domestic wastewater plants

Digested sludge samples from domestic wastewater treatment plants located in Northern Italy were tested as far as the presence of viruses (enteric viruses and coliphages), bacteria (faecal coliforms, salmonella) and helminth eggs is concerned. Heavy metals were also analysed. Escherichia coli bacteriophages and faecal coliforms were isolated from all samples, while salmonellae and helminth eggs were isolated only from four and three out of 27 total samples, respectively. The 66% of sludge samples, 46 and 82% of aerobic and anaerobic digested sludges respectively, showed the presence of enteric viruses (enteroviruses and reoviruses). The virus concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 123 MPNCU/g. Results of this study suggest that significant concentrations of pathogens such as enteric viruses can be present in digested sludge, which showed compliance with Italian legislation. As suggested by other authors, there is the need for surveillance and reference indications both in EU (European Union) and Italian regulations concerning the use of sludge in agriculture.