Examining how changes in provincial policy on vape marketing impacted the distribution of vaping advertisements near secondary schools in London,Ontario

ObjectivesOn January 1, 2020, the Government of Ontario passed a regulation banning vaping advertisements by retailers, apart from specialty shops. A motivation for this ban was to limit youth exposure to vaping advertisements. The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the impact of this ban on the number and density of vaping advertisements surrounding secondary schools. Additionally, we examined whether the number of vaping advertisements varied by school socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsThis study used a pre-post design. Audits were conducted December 2019 (pre-ban) and again January to February 2020 (post-ban), to identify vaping advertisements within 800 m surrounding secondary schools (n = 18) in London, Ontario.ResultsPrior to the ban, there were 266 vaping advertisements within 800 m of secondary schools. After the ban, this was reduced to 58, a 78.2% reduction. The mean number of vaping advertisements surrounding schools significantly decreased from 18.1 before the ban to 3.6 after the ban (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found, prior to the ban, between the number of vaping advertisements surrounding schools and school-level residential instability (r = 0.42, p = 0.02). After the ban, no significant correlations were found between the number of vaping advertisements and school socio-demographic characteristics.ConclusionThe provincial ban of vaping advertisements in select retail settings significantly reduced the number of vaping advertisements in the areas surrounding secondary schools in London, Ontario. The ban also reduced socio-demographic inequities in youths’ potential exposure to marketing of vaping products. Continued monitoring of the geographic accessibility and promotion of vaping products is warranted.     

2013—2019年宁夏学校传染病突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的 了解宁夏2013—2019年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生特点。方法 采用描述流行性病学分析方法,对宁夏2013—2019年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件进行分析。结果 2013—2019年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件报告101起,报告2 238例,罹患率为1.71%,无死亡。呼吸道传染病的罹患率为1.62%,肠道传染病为2.59%。呈春、冬季2个报告高峰,均以水痘为主。小学报告的事件数最多,报告67起,占67.07%。幼儿园的罹患率较高,为2.59%。结论 做好学校传染病疫情监测、预警、处置,加强传染病健康教育,积极推广二类疫苗接种等措施,能有效预防和控制学校传染病突发公共卫生事件发生。     

<内经>各学术流派概述

《内经》中存在着多种学术流派,其学派划分方法目前有两种,即以《内经》中的医家名称为纲和以各专题中的不同学说为纲划分。这两种方法均存在不足之处。以阴阳、五行为纲来探讨《内经》中的医学流派应是今后研究的方向之一。     

A national UK census of Applied Behavior Analysis school provision for children with autism

Over more than a decade, specialist Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) schools or classes for children with autism have developed in the UK and Ireland. However, very little is known internationally about how ABA is defined in practice in school settings, the characteristics of children supported in ABA school settings, and the staffing structures used. To answer these questions, the focus of the present research was a nationwide census of ABA schools throughout the UK. As far as it was possible to ascertain, we achieved a 100% return rate. There were 14 ABA schools and classes throughout the UK, supporting 258 children with autism, and employing 382 staff that supported ABA teaching. The mean ratio for ABA staff to children was 1.4 staff members: 1 child (range 0.7:1-2:1). The majority of all staff members were graduates or had a higher academic qualification (67.7%). This census methodology, if repeated, may help to identify future trends and can provide a baseline for developments in ABA schools/classes in the UK.     

高等职业学校护理专业教学标准制订依据:临床对高职护理人才的需求和岗位设置

目的了解护理行业人才需求和岗位设置现状,为高等职业学校护理专业教学标准制订提供依据。方法按地域分布抽取全国27所护理高职院校合作的101所医疗机构,采用《高职护理专业教学标准》行业调研问卷与高职护理人才岗位核心能力的要求调研表对其调研。结果调研的医疗机构床护比均值为1∶0.59,护理人员大专学历占比40.43%,临床护理人才的学历层次排序前两位的是大专、本科;医院对高职护理人才的临床护理岗位设置内、外科普通护理占81.47%,医院对高职护理专业人员理论知识、职业素养、操作技能满意度分别是27.7%、35.6%、38.6%;医院对护理岗位核心能力要求前3项分别是临床护理能力、身心适应能力和团队合作能力,平均得分率分别为92.93%、92.62%、90.08%。结论我国于护理人员的需求仍然很大,临床工作中高职护理人员仍是医院护理队伍的主力军。临床护理能力、身心适应能力和团队合作能力是医院对高职护理人员临床岗位核心能力的主要要求,高职护理人员的理论知识、职业素养、护理操作技能有待提升。     

Is sport enough? Contribution of sport to overall moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity among adolescents

ObjectivesThis study examined the contribution of sports participation to overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among adolescents, and explored potential moderators.DesignCross-sectional observational study using survey and accelerometry data drawn from the NEighbourhood Activity in Youth (NEArbY) study.MethodsAdolescents (n = 358) were recruited from secondary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Average min/day in MVPA was assessed using accelerometry. Participants self-reported sports participation (number of teams, type, frequency, and months of participation). Regression models determined the percent variance in MVPA explained by the sport variables, adjusted for wear time, age and sex, and accounting for clustering at the school level. Additional analyses tested if age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic status (SES) moderated relationships between sport variables and MVPA.ResultsParticipants (mean 15.3 years, 59% female) spent a mean (SD) of 68.6 (27.4) min/day in MVPA and 50% reported participating in any sport. Those who participated in sport did so 3.4 times/week on average and accumulated 7 min/day of MVPA more than those who did no sport. For each additional sport participated in, on average, there were approximately 5 additional min/day of MVPA. The number and frequency of sports participation explained 3.2% and 3.8% of the variance in MVPA respectively. Participation in field hockey and gymnastics explained 2.2% and 3.6% of the variance in MVPA, respectively. There were no moderating effects.ConclusionsSport appears to make a very small contribution to adolescents’ average daily physical activity. Effectiveness of approaches to increasing youth population levels of physical activity via sports participation needs to be tested.     

School staff as vaccine advocates: Perspectives on vaccine mandates and the student registration process

Recently, several states in the US have made it more difficult to receive nonmedical exemptions to school vaccine mandates in the hope of better orienting parents towards vaccination. However, little is known about how public-facing school staff implement and enforce mandate policies, including why or how often they steer parents towards nonmedical exemptions. This study focused on Michigan, which has recently added an additional burden for families seeking nonmedical exemptions. We used an anonymous online survey to assess Michigan public-school employees (n = 157) about their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding Michigan’s school enrollment vaccine mandate policy. Our main conclusions are that frontline school staff are generally knowledgeable about vaccines and immunization policy, but are at best ambivalent about their role in immunization governance, believing that other agents should be responsible for ensuring that children are vaccinated. Furthermore, some respondents indicated low vaccine confidence, which was associated with increased ambivalence about, or opposition to, their role in immunization governance. As more jurisdictions within and beyond the US consider introducing or tightening childhood vaccine mandates, it is increasingly important to understand how these policies can be improved by attending to the attitudes and roles of relevant frontline actors.