Towards a new WHO classification of renal cell tumor: what the clinician needs to know—a narrative review

In 1952, renal cell carcinomas had been divided into 2 categories—clear cell or granular cell—depending upon their cytoplasmic staining characteristics. In the following years, the inventory of renal epithelial tumors has expanded by the addition of tumors named by their architectural pattern (i.e., papillary RCC, tubulocystic RCC), anatomic location (i.e., collecting duct carcinoma, renal medullary carcinoma), associated diseases (i.e., acquired cystic disease-associated RCCs). With the extensive application of molecular diagnostic techniques, it becomes possible to detect genetic distinctions between various types of renal neoplasm and discover new entities, otherwise misdiagnosed or diagnosed as unclassified RCC. Some tumors such as ALK rearrangement-associated RCC, MiT family translocation renal carcinomas, SDH-deficient renal cancer or FH-deficient RCC, are defined by their molecular characteristics. The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal neoplasms account for more than 50 entities and provisional entities. New entities might be included in the upcoming WHO classification. The aim of this review is to summarise and discuss the newly acquired data and evidence on the clinical, pathological, molecular features and on the prognosis of new RCC entities, which will hopefully increase the awareness and the acceptance of these entities among clinicians and improve prognostication for individual patients.     

盐酸山莨菪碱对噪声暴露后耳蜗琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的影响

目的：观测豚鼠在噪声暴露后不同时间内盐酸山莨菪碱（６５４－２０防治组和损伤组的耳蜗琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）活性变化,探讨噪声暴露后ＳＤＨ活性的变化趋势以及６５４－２在噪声暴露中对ＳＤＨ活性的影响。方法：把豚鼠分成对照组、损伤组与６５４－２防治组,在噪声暴露后不同时期,用Ｎａｃｈｌａｓ四唑氮盐法及图象分析仪显示并测算ＳＤＨ活性。结果：在噪声暴露后第３天,各组酶活性损伤最重。各组耳蜗ＳＤＨ活性第１、２回     

复方益心汤对大鼠心血管的保护作用

用小牛血清及高脂饮食制成大鼠实验性动脉粥样硬化模型，观察中药益心汤对动脉内膜，心肌形态及酶组化的影响。结果显示益心汤可使冠状动脉内膜损伤得以修复，心肌变性改善，心肌细胞内SDH和ATPase数量增加。     

苯妥英钠对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的 :探讨苯妥英钠对实验性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 :采用结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉制作不完全脑缺血 4 5min再灌注 12 0min模型 ,观察苯妥英钠对脑组织ATP酶活性、脑组织线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH)活性以及超微结构病理变化的影响。结果 :苯妥英钠可明显增加脑组织ATP酶活性 ,增强SDH的活性 ,并可明显改善损伤病理变化。结论 :苯妥英钠对脑缺血再灌注有保护作用 ,其机制与其提高脑组织ATP酶活性、稳定细胞膜、线粒体膜、保护线粒体功能有关。     

Association of social determinants of health with late diagnosis and survival of patients with pancreatic cancer

BackgroundPancreatic cancer disparities have been described. However, it is unknown if they contribute to a late diagnosis and survival of patients with metastatic disease. Identifying their role is important as it will open the door for interventions. We hypothesize that social determinants of health (SDH) such as income, education, race, and insurance status impact (I) stage of diagnosis of PC (Stage IV vs. other stages), and (II) overall survival (OS) in Stage IV patients.MethodsUsing the National Cancer Database, we evaluated a primary outcome of diagnosis of Stage IV PC and a secondary outcome of OS. Primary predictors included race, income, education, and insurance. Covariates included age, sex and Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score. Univariate, multivariable logistic regression models evaluated risk of a late diagnosis. Univariate, multivariable Cox proportional hazards model examined OS. 95% confidence intervals were used.Results230,877 patients were included, median age of 68 years (SD 12.1). In univariate analysis, a better education, higher income, and insurance decreased the odds of Stage IV PC, while Black race increased it. In multivariable analysis, education [>93% high-school completion (HSC) vs. <82.4%, OR 0.96 (0.93–0.99)] and insurance [private vs. no, OR 0.72 (0.67–0.74)] significantly decreased the risk of a late diagnosis, whereas Black race increased the odds [vs. White, OR 1.09 (1.07–1.12)]. In univariate Cox analysis, having a higher income, insurance and better education improved OS, while Black race worsened it. In multivariable Cox, higher income [>$63,333 (vs. <$40,277), HR 0.87 (0.85–0.89)] and insurance [private vs. no, HR 0.77 (0.74–0.79)] improved OS.ConclusionsSDH impacted the continuum of care for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, including stage at diagnosis and overall survival.     

苯并(a)芘对雄性小鼠生殖细胞毒性作用

目的 研究不同剂量苯并(a)芘对小鼠睾丸细胞酶活性、精子畸变率及生殖细胞DNA损伤影响。方法 采用分光光度法测定小鼠睾丸细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PD)和山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)活性;利用单细胞凝胶电泳检测苯并(a)芘对生殖细胞DNA作用;采用精子畸变和微核试验方法检测精子畸变率和精细胞微核率。结果 随着染毒剂量增加,LDH活性逐渐降低,20 mg/kg苯并(a)芘组与阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同剂量苯并(a)芘均可造成小鼠生殖细胞DNA损伤,5,10,20 mg/kg的损伤率分别为44%,79%和88%,与阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),精子畸变率和精细胞微核率分别为1.10%,2.24%,3.64%和11.00%,14.40%,17.40%;与阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 一定剂量条件下,苯并(a)芘能够影响小鼠睾丸细胞酶活性,导致小鼠生殖细胞DNA损伤,并在一定剂量范围内对雄性小鼠的生殖细胞产生毒作用。     

Anti-glycative and anti-inflammatory effects of protocatechuic acid in brain of mice treated by d-galactose

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) at 0.5%, 1% or 2% was supplied to d-galactose (DG) treated mice for 8 week. PCA intake at 2% increased its deposit in brain. DG treatment increased brain level of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, carboxymethyllysine, pentosidine, sorbitol, fructose and methylglyoxal (P < 0.05). PCA intake, at 1% and 2%, lowered brain level of these parameters (P < 0.05). DG treatments enhanced activity and protein expression of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase, as well as declined glyoxalase I (GLI) activity and protein expression (P < 0.05). PCA intake at 1% and 2% reduced activity and protein expression of AR (P < 0.05), and at 2% restored GLI activity and expression (P < 0.05). DG injection also elevated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and expression, and increased the release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E₂ in brain (P < 0.05). PCA intake decreased these cytokines (P < 0.05), and at 1% and 2% suppressed COX-2 activity and expression (P < 0.05). PCA intake at 1% and 2% also lowered DG-induced elevation in activity, mRNA expression and protein production of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the supplement of protocatechuic acid might be helpful for the prevention or alleviation of aging.