基层药品不良反应监测体系建设的实践和探讨

目的 探讨基层药品不良反应监测网络建设模式,为药品不良反应监测组织体系的完善提供参考.方法 通过建立山东省基层药品不良反应监测网络的实践,研究、分析基层药品不良反应监测网络的建设模式.结果 建立了高效、快捷的三级药品不良反应监测网络,促进了山东省药品不良反应监测工作的全面发展.结论 建立健全机构设施完备、职责明确、运作规范的基层监测网络,有利于完善我国药品不良反应监测组织体系,推动药品不良反应监测工作的深入开展.     

枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技术探讨

目的探讨远外侧入路在治疗枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤中的应用。方法对14例脑膜瘤患者采用远外侧入路显微手术治疗,其中枕髁后入路8例,经部分枕髁入路3例,经C1、2关节面侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例,经完整枕髁入路1例。结果肿瘤全切11例,次全切除3例;1例行枕颈融合,无手术死亡病例。所有患者术后均未出现寰枕关节不稳定的症状,手术并发症主要是后组颅神经损伤、椎动脉损伤、脑脊液漏以及脑干缺血。结论远外侧入路是手术治疗下斜坡区和上段颈髓腹侧、腹外侧病变的理想入路,可以理想显露肿瘤及其基底部并减少术中出血,但手术操作比较复杂且具有一定的风险。     

Real-time automatic extraction of lumen region and boundary from endoscopic images

A new approach to the automatic extraction of the lumen region and its boundary for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic images is presented. First, a quasi region of interest, the darker regions of the image, is segmented using a region splitting scheme termed progressive thresholding. The centre of mass of this segmented region acts as a seed for further processing. Then the lumen region is obtained using a region growing technique called the integrated neighbourhood search (INS). A new quad structure based technique is introduced to enhance the INS speed significantly. A back projection algorithm is suggested to optimise the search for pixels belonging to the lumen region and boundary. A boundary-thinning algorithm is also proposed to remove the redundant pixels from the lumen boundary and to generate a connected single pixel width boundary. The proposed approach does not need a priori knowledge about the image characteristics. The experimental results indicate that the proposed technique enhances the speed of conventional INS by 45.5% to 28.6% based on the lumen size varying from 22,709 pixels to 4947 pixels. The main advantage of the proposed technique is its high-speed response that facilitates real-time analysis of endoscopic images.     

多发性骨髓瘤浆细胞核中AgNOR检测的临床意义

为研究多发性骨髓瘤（MM）与反应性浆细胞增多症（RP）、MMIB与MMNA以及MM治疗前后的骨髓浆细胞嗜银蛋白染色（AgNOR）形态颗粒数量的变化,用AgNOR技术．测定各级AgNOR形态及颗粒数量。结果显示,AgNOR形态在MM组中有单一型、弥漫型、聚集型、核仁形,在RP组中只有单一型,AgNOR颗粒均数在MM组中为6．21±4．12,RP组为202±063,两组间有非常显著性差异（P＜0．001）;MMⅢB和ⅢA组,形态及颗粒均数无差异。17例MM治疗前、后各种形态中颗粒比较差别有显著性（P＜0．001）。提示骨髓中浆细胞AgNOR形态及颗粒数量对鉴别良、恶性浆细胞具有一定临床意义,同时也证实了AgNOR法对了解MM中浆细胞增殖水平及预后是一个简单有效的参考指标。     

LOCALIZATION OF THE SEX-DETERMINING REGION-Y GENE IN XX MALES

Localization of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) was investigated in 2 XX males. Metaphase chromosomes from peripheral lymphocytes were stained by fluorescence in situ hybridization using DXZ1 and SRY probes. An identical hybridization signal with the SRY probe was found on an X chromosome in both cases. The karyotype of the 2 cases was 46,XX, t(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.3). It would appear that XX male is the presence of a Y-chromosome fragment transferred to the X-chromosome short arm by unequal interchange between homologous regions in the short arms of sex chromosomes.     

广西沿海及沿边地区霍乱疫源监测

目的分析广西沿海及沿边地区的霍乱疫源监测资料，为霍乱监控关口前移提供依据。方法2004～2006年间在沿海及沿边地区建立了包括15个市（县）在内的监测网络，开展腹泻病人粪便、重点人群粪便、水体、食品和其它外环境等标本的检索，收集监测数据，对检出菌株进行复核、噬菌体生物分型及毒力基因检测。结果2004～2006年期间未报告人间霍乱疫情。15个监测点检索腹泻病人粪便116815份、重点人群粪便72327份、水体7632份、食品12739份及其它外环境标本2510份，从1113份水产品标本中检出9株霍乱弧菌（检出率0．81％），海产品及水体未检出阳性。9株霍乱弧菌除1株为0139血清群外，其余8株均为01群埃尔托霍乱弧菌，其中稻叶型占75．00％：9株菌均为非流行株或非产毒株，8株01群埃尔托型霍乱弧菌中24K占75．00％、30K占25．00％。结论水产品是广西霍乱监控的重点，提示应加强对水产品的检索，并教育群众不生食或半生食水产品。     

基于CT三维重建的八髎穴骨度折量定位探析

〖H探寻可供临床和教学参考的八髎穴骨度折量定位方法。方法 对南京医科大学附属南京医院2016年1月至6月的100例俯卧位盆腔CT片进行回顾性分析,以5mm层厚连续横断面扫描,建立3D图像。测量L5棘突下至尾骨尖、L5棘突下至骶管裂孔、L5棘突下至髂后上棘、L5棘突下至八髎穴、后正中线至八髎穴、后正中线至髂后上棘等距离。结果 ①设立骶部骨度表,得到4个骶部折量寸：即L5棘突下至尾骨尖约6寸,L5棘突下至骶管裂孔约3寸,L5棘突下至髂后上棘的垂直距离约1寸,髂后上棘至后正中线约2寸。②根据骶部骨度分寸,八髎穴可定位如下：上髎位于后正中线旁开1.1寸,L5棘突下1寸;次髎位于后正中线旁开1寸,L5棘突下1.7寸;中髎位于后正中线旁开0.9寸,L5棘突下2.5寸;下髎位于后正中线旁开0.9寸,L5棘突下3.5寸。③根据骶部体表标志,八髎穴可定位如下：从骶部纵向距离观察,上髎穴约平髂后上棘,次髎穴约平L5棘突下和骶管裂孔连线的中点,中髎穴约平L5棘突下和尾骨尖连线的中点,下髎穴约平骶管裂孔;从骶部横向距离观察,次髎穴位于髂后上棘至后正中线距离的一半,八髎穴呈“倒八字”型排列,其连线与后正中线的夹角约25°。结论 以表面标志为基础,用比例关系和骨度分寸来定位八髎穴,具有临床参考价值。     

Morphological imaging and CT histogram analysis to differentiate pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grade 3 from neuroendocrine carcinoma

PurposeTo compare morphological imaging features and CT texture histogram parameters between grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (G3-NET) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC).Materials and methodsPatients with pathologically proven G3-NET and NEC, according to the 2017 World Health Organization classification who had CT and MRI examinations between 2006-2017 were retrospectively included. CT and MRI examinations were reviewed by two radiologists in consensus and analyzed with respect to tumor size, enhancement patterns, hemorrhagic content, liver metastases and lymphadenopathies. Texture histogram analysis of tumors was performed on arterial and portal phase CT images. images. Morphological imaging features and CT texture histogram parameters of G3-NETs and NECs were compared.ResultsThirty-seven patients (21 men, 16 women; mean age, 56 ± 13 [SD] years [range: 28-82 years]) with 37 tumors (mean diameter, 60 ± 46 [SD] mm) were included (CT available for all, MRI for 16/37, 43%). Twenty-three patients (23/37; 62%) had NEC and 14 patients (14/37; 38%) had G3-NET. NECs were larger than G3-NETs (mean, 70 ± 51 [SD] mm [range: 18 - 196 mm] vs. 42 ± 24 [SD] mm [range: 8 - 94 mm], respectively; P = 0.039), with more tumor necrosis (75% vs. 33%, respectively; P = 0.030) and lower attenuation on precontrast (30 ± 4 [SD] HU [range: 25-39 HU] vs. 37 ± 6 [SD] [range: 25-45 HU], respectively; P = 0.002) and on portal venous phase CT images (75 ± 18 [SD] HU [range: 43 - 108 HU] vs. 92 ± 19 [SD] HU [range: 46 - 117 HU], respectively; P = 0.014). Hemorrhagic content on MRI was only observed in NEC (P = 0.007). The mean ADC value was lower in NEC ([1.1 ± 0.1 (SD)] × 10⁻³ mm²/s [range: (0.91 - 1.3) × 10⁻³ mm²/s] vs. [1.4 ± 0.2 (SD)] × 10⁻³ mm²/s [range: (1.1 - 1.6) × 10⁻³ mm²/s]; P = 0.005). CT histogram analysis showed that NEC were more heterogeneous on portal venous phase images (Entropy-0: 4.7 ± 0.2 [SD] [range: 4.2-5.1] vs. 4.5 ± 0.4 [SD] [range: 3.7-4.9]; P = 0.023).ConclusionPancreatic NECs are larger, more frequently hypoattenuating and more heterogeneous with hemorrhagic content than G3-NET on CT and MRI.     

改良法腰交感神经节毁损术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的可行性

目的探索数字减影机引导下以无水乙醇行L2交感神经节毁损术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的可行性。方法血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者48例，随机分为2组，改良法L2交感神经节毁损组（试验组）和传统的化学性腰交感神经节毁损组（对照组），每组24例，试验组行L2交感神经节阻滞取代两节或多节传统的无水乙醇阻滞，并使针尖置于L2～3椎间盘前外侧缘而非传统方法的椎体中间，对照组则用传统方法行L2、L3交感神经节毁损，两组患者治疗前后进行VAS、临床疗效、术中参数及并发症的比较。结果术后两组患者疼痛均明显缓解，临床疗效均较好，两组比较无统计学差异，但试验组较对照组操作省时，毁损药量少、接触X线时间短，并发症少。结论L2交感神经节毁损术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎是一种安全有效、简单易行的方法。     

广州地区人群乙型肝炎流行特点与启示

目的分析描述广州地区人群乙型肝炎流行特点及其对乙肝预防工作的启示。方法针对广州地区三组特定人群用Elisa方法检测乙肝标志物并统计结果。结果广州地区人群HBsAg阳性率呈逐年下降趋势,人群中年轻一代较年长者HBsAg阳性率有逐步降低的倾向,但在少年儿童中对HBV缺乏免疫力的比例仍达48.90%。结论在少年儿童中必须监测乙肝疫苗免疫后的应答情况,使其对预防HBV感染真正发挥作用。