The impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children

Over the past decade, the unfortunate reality is that the income gap has widened between Canadian families. Educational outcomes are one of the key areas influenced by family incomes. Children from low-income families often start school already behind their peers who come from more affluent families, as shown in measures of school readiness. The incidence, depth, duration and timing of poverty all influence a child’s educational attainment, along with community characteristics and social networks. However, both Canadian and international interventions have shown that the effects of poverty can be reduced using sustainable interventions. Paediatricians and family doctors have many opportunities to influence readiness for school and educational success in primary care settings.     

中国贫困医疗救助模式的制度缺陷及其改进思路

讨论现行国内医疗救助模式的基本经验与存在的缺陷。现行国内医疗救助模式无论在制度设计还是具体实施中部存在许多缺陷，如在制度设计方面，救助标准与水平总体上都比较低，大病痛种的规定大大限制和缩小了贫困医疗救助的范围，而定点医院限制了救助对象选择的空间等。     

Why are children living in poverty getting fatter?

In recent decades, there has been a dramatic increase in unhealthy weight for both children and adults. The Canadian standard of living has changed in favour of more easily prepared, calorie-dense foods and sedentary practices. Many family characteristics have also changed over the past 50 years. More Canadian families are living in disadvantaged situations, forecasting a host of unhealthy behaviours and attitudes in adults. The poor are not only getting poorer, they are also becoming heavier. Children from disadvantaged families seem to be leading the trend in increasing prevalence of unhealthy weight. Because they live in neighbourhoods that are perceived as unsafe, these children are likely spending more time indoors. This is associated with watching more television, which not only displaces other forms of educational and active entertainment but also places them at risk of learning inaccurate information about proper eating. Social science research helps identify factors contributing most to the rise in excess weight within this population, thus providing essential clues for effective approaches to its eradication.     

Child developmental and special education service receipt: The intersection of health and poverty

BackgroundChildren born of low birth weight (LBW) and/or premature may have developmental delays and difficulties. The vulnerability, without early intervention, would have detrimental lifelong effects.ObjectivesThis study examined 1) the relationship between LBW and prematurity and the occurrence and timing of children's receipt of developmental and special education services; and 2) whether poverty intersects with LBW and prematurity affecting service receipt.MethodsThis population-based study used cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children's Health which consisted of approximately 52,000 participants aged 1–17 between 2017 and 2018 in the United States. We conducted logistic regression to analyze the predictive relationship of LBW/prematurity and the occurrence of receiving developmental and special education services. We then conducted ordered logistic regression to examine whether LBW and prematurity predicted the timing of receiving developmental and special education services. Further, we conducted moderating analyses to examine whether the predictive relationships above varied with poverty. The analyses listed above were weighted to reflect the population drawn.ResultsChildren born with LBW and prematurity were more likely to receive developmental and special education services and they tended to receive services earlier than those born at normal weight and term. Educational disparities were evident among children in low-income families. Children of LBW in low-income families were less likely to receive earlier services than those in affluent families.ConclusionsThis study indicates developmental and special education needs of children born LBW and/or premature. With restrained assets, low-income families may need more assistance to promote optimal development for their children.     

Health inequality and population variation in fertility-timing

We estimate the impact of fertility-timing on the chances that children in poor urban African American communities will have surviving and able-bodied parents until maturity. To do so, we use census and vital statistics data to compute age- and sex-specific rates of mortality and functional limitation among prime-aged adult residents of impoverished African American areas in Harlem, Detroit, Chicago, and the Watts area of Los Angeles and for blacks and whites nationwide. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the early fertility-timing characteristic of poor urban African American populations mitigates some of the costs to families associated with excess mortality and early health deterioration in young through middle adulthood.     

贫困地区儿童环境卫生健康教育效果评价

目的了解河北省贫困地区儿童的环境卫生知识以及对健康教育的态度,探讨健康教育对儿童个人卫生习惯的影响.方法在目标人群中整群随机抽取298人进行基线调查,针对问题进行健康教育,经过5 a的干预后,用同一方法调查194名儿童在环境卫生知识、态度和行为等方面的变化.结果通过环境卫生健康教育,儿童的环境卫生知识、态度和行为发生了很大的变化,对引起腹泻的原因、引起肠道寄生虫病的原因、消化道疾病如何传播等方面知识的知晓率有了显著的提高(P＜0.05);同时,个人卫生习惯有了较大的改变,突出表现在洗手时间和方法、喝开水的人数等方面.结论环境卫生健康教育对提高儿童的卫生知识水平、改变不良卫生行为等方面具有重要的作用.     

现金卫生支出贫困影响的分析方法研究

现金卫生支出的贫困影响方法研究是卫生领域公平性系列研究的重要组成部分。在借鉴国际研究成果的基础上，结合我国实际情况对其分析方法进行探索性研究，旨在从卫生筹资公平性角度，详细阐述现金卫生支出对贫困影响研究的分析方法和政策意义。     

胸科手术后病人自控镇痛的应用

目的　评价胸科手术后病人自控镇痛与传统的肌内注射哌替啶镇痛的临床效果。方法　 110 8例在全麻下行贲门癌或食管癌根治术的病人 ,随机分为肌注哌替啶组 (A组 )和病人自控镇痛PCA组 (B组 )。A组病人术后感觉疼痛时肌注哌替啶镇痛 ;B组携带镇痛泵 ,由病人或家属自控镇痛。术后 1、8、2 4、72h进行随访并记录镇痛评分 (VAS)等 ,术后 1周随访肺部并发症情况。结果　术后B组疼痛评分明显低于A组 (P<0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。术后 1周肺部并发症A组为 14例 ,而B组仅 2例 (P <0 0 1)。结论　PCA镇痛效果明显 ,肺部并发症发生率低 ,优于传统的哌替啶肌注。     

云南省2015-2019年5岁以下儿童死亡及潜在减寿年数的地区差异研究

背景　过去几十年里中国政府为降低5岁以下儿童死亡取得了明显成效，但城乡之间仍存在差异。 目的　分析云南省不同地区2015-2019年5岁以下儿童主要死亡原因和减寿情况。方法　按2017年贫困发生率将云南省129个区（县）划分为深度贫困、一般贫困和非贫困三类地区；以云南省疾病预防控制中心“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”的“人口死亡信息登记管理系统”为数据来源，采用死亡率、死因构成比、潜在减寿年数、减寿率、平均减寿年数5个健康测量指标对2015-2019年云南省5岁以下儿童死亡报告数据进行统计描述；采用Poisson回归模型估计云南省各类地区死亡率的变化趋势；采用卡方检验比较各类地区5岁以下儿童死亡地点在不同年份间的差异。结果　云南省5岁以下儿童死亡率呈下降趋势，变化幅度为-28.23%，年均变化为-7.60%〔95%CI（-8.52%，-6.76%）〕。深度贫困地区、一般贫困地区和非贫困地区的5岁以下儿童死亡率变化幅度分别为-29.51%、-13.34%、-42.66%，年均变化分别为-6.95%〔95%CI（-8.51%，-5.45%）〕、-3.15%〔95%CI（-4.59%，-1.69%）〕、-13.76%〔95%CI（-15.38%，-12.10%）〕。5岁以下儿童在深度贫困地区的主要死亡地点为家中，但有下降趋势；一般贫困地区和非贫困地区的主要死亡地点为医疗机构，亦有下降趋势。贫困地区5岁以下儿童死亡地点在不同年份间的构成比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。云南省5岁以下儿童2015年和2019年的前三位死因均为出生产伤和窒息、下呼吸道感染及先天性心脏异常，但平均减寿年数值较高的主要为出生低体质量及出生产伤和窒息。结论　云南省5岁以下儿童死亡率在三类地区均呈下降趋势。但鉴于贫困与非贫困地区间仍存在差异，以及早死带来的寿命损失，未来仍需进一步采取干预措施，持续提升脱贫地区的卫生服务能力，同时强化围生期保健和意外死亡的防控。