启发式教学在生理学教学中的应用研究

针对生理学课程理论抽象、实验操作复杂等特点,阐述了启发式教学方法取代传统填鸭式教学方法的必然性。因生理学教学难度大、实验操作条件高,故着重介绍了问答式、讨论式、演绎式、归纳式、直观式等五种启发式教学方法在生理学教学中的应用。     

Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde allergy: relationship between patch test and repeated open application test thresholds

Background  Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC) is a synthetic fragrance ingredient. Case reports of allergy to HICC appeared in the 1980s, and HICC has recently been included in the European baseline series. Human elicitation dose–response studies performed with different allergens have shown a significant relationship between the patch-test threshold and the repeated open application test (ROAT) threshold, which mimics some real-life exposure situations. Fragrance ingredients are special as significant amounts of allergen may evaporate from the skin.
Objectives  The study aimed to investigate the relationship between elicitation threshold doses at the patch test and the ROAT, using HICC as the allergen. The expected evaporation rate was calculated.
Materials and methods  Seventeen HICC-allergic persons were tested with a dilution series of HICC in a patch test and a ROAT (duration up to 21 days). Seventeen persons with no HICC allergy were included as control group for the ROAT.
Results  The response frequency to the ROAT (in μg HICC cm⁻² per application) was significantly higher than the response frequency to the patch test at one of the tested doses. Furthermore the response rate to the accumulated ROAT dose was significantly lower at half of the doses compared with the patch test. The evaporation rate of HICC was calculated to be 72% over a 24-h period.
Conclusions  The ROAT threshold in dose per area per application is lower than the patch test threshold; furthermore the accumulated ROAT threshold is higher than the patch test threshold, which can probably be explained by the evaporation of HICC from the skin in the open test.     

The Oxford Optical Pointer: a direction-sensing device with proportional electrical output

For some disabled people pointing provides a more convenient means of communication and control than the use of switches. The quadriplegic who retains good control of head movement can be provided with a number of input alternatives, but no existing system meets all the requirements of a general-purpose electronic pointing device. Consequently the Oxford Optical Pointer has been developed. The principle by which it converts relative direction into analogue electrical signals is described and its application as a head-mounted device for controlling an electric wheelchair is presented.     

Evidence for feeding elicited through antihistaminergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants in the rat hypothalamus

We studied central mechanisms of antidepressants that affect feeding behavior in rats. The tricyclic compounds amitriptyline, doxepin and imipramine significantly induced feeding after their infusion into the third cerebral ventricle in the light phase, but the tricyclic, desipramine, and the dicyclic zimelidine, did not. Drinking was not affected by any compound tested. The relative order of potency in eliciting feeding was: amitriptyline and doxepin > imipramine > desipramine and zimelidine. To clarify the involvement of neuronal histamine in antidepressant-induced feeding, alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, was intraperitoneally administered before infusion of amitriptyline. FMH attenuated the amitriptyline's effect. Bilateral microinfusion of amitriptyline into the ventromedial hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus verified that these are loci for the modulation of feeding by amitriptyline. In the lateral hypothalamus, amitriptyline was less effective. These findings indicate that tricyclic antidepressants directly facilitate feeding, which is, at least in part, mediated by histamine in the hypothalamus.     

Holmium:YAG- und erbium :YAG-infrarotlaser-osteotomie

Zusammenfassung Die knochenablative Wirksamkeit der gepulsten Festkörperlaser Holmium:YAG ( = 2120 nm) and Erbium:YAG ( = 2940 nm) wurde im Tierversuch vergleichend untersucht. Als Modell für eine klinische Anwendung wurden partielle Oberkiefer-, Unterkiefer-und Nasenbeinosteotomien an der Ratte durchgeführt. In einer ersten Versuchsreihe wurden die unmittelbare klinische Wirkung und das histologische Wirkungsprofil dieser Infrarotlaser am Hartgewebe erforscht und die Temperaturgradienten im Knochen während der Laseranwendung gemessen. Die geringe Ausdehnung der Schädigungszone im Randbereich der Laserinzisionen und das für den Erbium:YAG-Laser praktisch atraumatische, athermische Knochenabtragungsvermögen läßt die neuen Infrarotlaser als ideale Schneidegeräte für Osteotomien erscheinen.

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Holmium:YAG laser and erbium:YAG laser infrared laser osteotomy

Summary The in-vivo bone ablation characteristics of a pulsed solid-state erbium:YAG laser were compared to those of a pulsed solid-state holmium:YAG laser. Partial osteotomies in the maxillary, the mandibulary, and the nasal bones of white rats were performed. The tissue response was examined by light microscopy. Thermal gradients following the laser application were also measured. Over all energy levels tested the erbium:YAG laser produced ablation of bone with minimal thermal damage to the adjacent tissue. The results of this study are promising for future application of the infrared holmium-and erbium:YAG lasers in otorhinolaryngology.

     

(Em)placing recovery: Sites of health and wellness for individuals with serious mental illness in supported housing

This study used photo-elicitation methodology to explore how the move from supervised to supported housing affects recovery and community connections for individuals living with serious mental illness (SMI) in four Canadian cities. Qualitative interviews conducted in 2015 revealed five themes: (1) the characteristics distinguishing home from housing; (2) the importance of amenities offered by supported housing; (3) the connections between accessibility, mobility, and wellbeing; (4) the role of certain places in facilitating aspects of recovery such as offering hope or facilitating social connectedness; and (5) the concrete and metaphorical impact of changing vantage points on identity (re)construction. Utilizing therapeutic landscapes as an analytical framework, and combining insights from the health geography, and mental health (MH) housing and recovery literatures, this study deepens current understanding of how everyday places—conceptualized as therapeutic landscapes—directly and indirectly support MH recovery for individuals with SMI. Implications for research on housing, and on the spatial aspects of recovery processes are discussed.     

Techniques for Eliciting Human Intelligence: Examining Possible Order Effects of the Scharff Tactics

The present study examines non-coercive interview techniques aimed for eliciting intelligence from human sources. Two versions of the Scharff technique were compared against the direct approach (a combination of open-ended and specific questions). The Scharff conditions were conceptualised into four tactics and differed with respect to when the confirmation tactic was implemented: before or after an initial open-ended question. Participants (n = 93) took the role of a source in a phone interview and were instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too little or too much information. In general, the Scharff technique outperformed the direct approach on all important measures. The sources in the Scharff conditions revealed more new information, and found it more difficult to understand the interviewer's information objectives. Importantly, the sources interviewed by the Scharff technique underestimated how much new information they revealed, whereas the sources interviewed by the direct approach overestimated the amount of new information revealed. Although no clear order effects of the Scharff tactics were found, we introduce an alternative method for implementing the confirmation tactic.     

正畸治疗对成年女性颊部丰满度影响的初步研究

目的 了解正畸治疗对于成年女性颊部丰满度的影响.方法 对40例成年女性正畸患者治疗前后的正面像和侧面像进行“掩盖法”处理,通过小组主观评价颊部丰满度(1～10分).结果 1.专业医师与普通人群对颊部丰满度的评价无统计学差异.2.正畸治疗后患者颊部丰满度较治疗前下降0.53(P＜0.05).3.拔牙和非拔牙病例治疗后颊部丰满度均下降,二者治疗后颊部丰满度之间无统计学差异.结论 正畸治疗后成年女性患者颊部丰满度下降,拔牙与非拔牙病例治疗后颊部丰满度相似.     

Prioritization of livestock transboundary diseases in Belgium using a multicriteria decision analysis tool based on drivers of emergence

During the past decade, livestock diseases have (re‐)emerged in areas where they had been previously eradicated or never been recorded before. Drivers (i.e. factors of (re‐)emergence) have been identified. Livestock diseases spread irrespective of borders, and therefore, reliable methods are required to help decision‐makers to identify potential threats and try stopping their (re‐)emergence. Ranking methods and multicriteria approaches are cost‐effective tools for such purpose and were applied to prioritize a list of selected diseases (N = 29 including 6 zoonoses) based on the opinion of 62 experts in accordance with 50 drivers‐related criteria. Diseases appearing in the upper ranking were porcine epidemic diarrhoea, foot‐and‐mouth disease, low pathogenic avian influenza, African horse sickness and highly pathogenic avian influenza. The tool proposed uses a multicriteria decision analysis approach to prioritize pathogens according to drivers and can be applied to other countries or diseases.