Peritoneal morphology in children treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Fifty peritoneal biopsies (PB) from 35 patients with end-stage renal disease, treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and aged 2 months to 18 years, were examined by light microscopy (n=50) and/or scanning electron microscopy. PB were performed during surgical procedures immediately before the start of, during, or after the cessation of CAPD treatment. PB from 15 children without renal disease undergoing laparatomy were examined similarly. Before the start of CAPD, a scarcity and shortening of the mesothelial microvilli was observed by scanning electron microscopy. During and after CAPD, variable alterations of mesothelium, interstitium and capillaries were found. The mesothelial layer was absent in all 5 PB obtained during episodes of active peritonitis. In patients treated by CAPD for longer than 6 months, mesothelial denudation was observed more frequently (6/11) than in children treated for shorter periods (1/7) (P<0.08). Fibrosis of the peritoneal membrane was present in about 50% of patients during or after the cessation of CAPD without impairment of peritoneal function. No correlation was found between the presence of fibrosis and the frequency of peritonitis or the duration of CAPD treatment.     

超声介导上调Smad7表达对腹膜炎大鼠腹膜炎症和功能的影响

目的 通过基因转染的方法上调Smad7在大鼠腹膜组织的表达，旨在探讨Smad7的高表达对大鼠腹膜炎模型的炎症反应和腹膜功能的影响。方法 Ⅱ级雄性SD大鼠18只随机分入正常组、对照组和模型组，后两组分别给予空载体和Smad7质粒转染，72 h后腹腔内注射大肠杆菌(E.Coli, ATCC 25922) 10⁹ CFU/kg体重诱导腹膜炎，在48 h后做腹膜功能试验并杀检大鼠。检测腹水及血白细胞计数、腹水细菌菌落计数。间接免疫荧光检测Smad7和CD45在腹膜组织的表达。Western印迹检测腹膜组织Smad7蛋白的表达。应用SPSS 11.0统计软件对腹膜功能与腹水白细胞数和细菌菌落数进行Pearson多元线性相关分析。 结果 与空载体组比较，Smad7转基因组大鼠腹膜组织Smad7的表达、腹水白细胞计数和腹膜组织浸润的白细胞数均显著增加，但腹水细菌菌落计数显著降低、腹膜功能显著恶化。相关分析显示腹膜功能的恶化与腹水白细胞计数相关而与腹水细菌菌落计数无相关。结论 Smad7在大鼠腹膜组织的高表达增强了腹膜局部的炎症反应，而过强的炎症反应导致腹膜功能进一步受损。     

Infectious peritonitis complicating suprapubic catheter removal

Peritonitis following suprapubic catheter placement may result from inadvertent placement of the drain through the large and small bowel and bladder base. The author describes a case of infectious peritonitis which developed after suprapubic catheter removal. The patient, underwent suprapubic catheter placement after Burch Colposuspension for genuine stress incontinence. The catheter was removed with a full bladder after an uneventful postoperative course, but the patient subsequently developed acute infectious peritonitis due to extravasated urine from the cystostomy site. It was concluded that suprapubic catheters should be removed after the bladder is emptied, to prevent this complication. This may be most important in patients who void without residual prior to epithelialization of the cystostomy site.Editorial Comment: This paper illustrates another complication of suprapubic catheter use. In this case peritonitis developed secondary to infected urine entering the peritoneal cavity after removal of the catheter when the bladder was full. The peritoneum had not been closed at the time of the original Burch procedure. The authors make the point of planning removal when the bladder is empty. Another consideration would be to close the peritoneum when a suprapubic catheter is used.     

Temporary closure of the abdominal wall (laparostomy)

The definitive closure of the abdominal wall, i.e., a closure of the fascial layer and skin may not be favorable in the treatment of numerous surgical conditions, e.g., peritonitis, trauma, or mesenteric ischemia. In these cases, the abdominal wall is temporarily closed, and a laparostomy is created to facilitate re-exploration or to prevent abdominal compartment syndrome. Regarding the technique and material used for the temporary closure, no prospective randomized data exists, but mesh materials are commonly used. They provide drainage of infectious material, permit visual control of the underlying viscera, facilitate access to the abdominal wall, preserve the fascial margin, enable healing by secondary intention, and allow mobilization of the patient. In the case of decreasing intra-abdominal pressure, meshes can be trimmed to centralize the rectus muscle and to facilitate definitive closure. Non-absorbable meshes have been frequently reported to cause enteric fistulae and persistent infection necessitating mesh explantation. While these infectious complications appear to occur less frequently with the use of absorbable materials, these meshes will finally lead to an incisional hernia, requiring repair with non-absorbable mesh after a period of 6–12 months. Nevertheless, in the complex situation requiring a temporary abdominal wall closure, use of absorbable mesh material is common and represents the state of the art. Electronic Publication     

Ileus bei ausgedehnten intraabdominellen Verkalkungen nach Peritonitis

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über einen 48 j?hrigen Patienten. In Folge einer bakteriellen Peritonitis hatten sich ausgedehnte intraabdominelle Verkalkungen gebildet. Diese hatten einen Obstruktionsileus verursacht. Im Rahmen einer Revisionslaparotomie wurden die Kalkspangen entfernt. Zur Rezidivprophylaxe veranla?ten wir eine percutane Bestrahlung mit 15 Gy. Zus?tzlich erfolgte eine systemische Indometacin-Applikation. Eine Literaturrecherche ergab nur 2 vergleichbare F?lle.      

Chronic peritoneal dialysis in paediatrics: Experience of a national registry

The results of the first 3 year' collaboration of the Italian Registry of Paediatric Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (CPD) (1986–1988) are presented. This Registry acquired data on the majority of the paediatric patients treated with CPD in Italy, thus providing a national picture in a field where few nationwide surveys are available. Patients of less than 15 years of age at the start of dialysis were enrolled and clinical data collected until the age of 19 years. The number of nephrological paediatric centres participating in the Registry increased from 7 in 1986 to 11 in 1988. The total number of patients on CPD was 70 and the percentage of dialysed children treated with CPD ranged from 40.2% to 43.6%. Data on 89 peritoneal catheters were collected: during 1417 dialysis-months 70 catheter-related complications were observed (1:20.8 dialysis-months); actuarial catheter survival was 92.7% at 6 months, 84.8% at 1 year and 68.8% at 2 years. The incidence of peritonitis changed from 1 episode every 10.9 patient-months in 1986 to 1 every 19.8 in 1988. Abdominal hernias were the other main clinical complication observed. The survival of patients was 92.5% at 3 years, while the technique survival at the same time was 84%.     

Laparoscopic cecal ligation and puncture in the rat

Background: We describe a technique of laparoscopic cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the rat analogous to open CLP which may facilitate the study of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and peritonitis. Methods: Forty-four rats were randomized to either laparoscopic or open CLP and their 3-day mortality was recorded. Autopsies were performed for peritoneal fluid cultures, measurement of the length of ligated cecum, and scoring of the degree of cecal necrosis. Results: Laparoscopic CLP required slightly longer operating times compared to open CLP (average 15.6 vs 13.1 min, p= 0.002). Three-day postoperative mortality was 36.4% and 22.7% for open and laparoscopic CLP, respectively (p= NS). There were no differences in the length of ligated cecum or the cecal necrosis score between the open and laparoscopic CLP groups. Conclusion: Laparoscopic CLP is feasible and produces a fecal peritonitis with similar characteristics to those of traditional open CLP. Received: 3 July 1996/Accepted: 7 January 1997     

Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children living in Saudi Arabia

The clinical aspects of peritonitis and catheter infections were reviewed in 64 children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis living in Saudi Arabia over a period of 6 years. Peritonitis occurred in 41 children (64%). The mean time from starting dialysis to the first episode of peritonitis was 7.2 months. The incidence of peritonitis was 1 episode in 9 treatment months. Gram-negative organisms were responsible for the majority of episodes (42%), followed by Gram-positive organisms (20%), and Candida albicans (6%); 32% were culture negative. Recurrent peritonitis was present in 20 cases. Catheter was replaced in 24 patients: 44% due to recurrent peritonitis. Peritoneal membrane loss occurred in 7 patients, 3 had Candida peritonitis and 3 had recurrent peritonitis due to Pseudomonas. The mortality rate was 4.6% but none of the deaths were related to peritonitis or dialysis. Received August 23, 1995; received in revised form October 2, 1996; accepted October 18, 1996     

Beeinflußt Heparin den Verlauf einer chronischen abszedierenden Peritonitis im Tiermodell?

After laparotomy and inoculation of aBacteroides fragilis suspension (2 ml with 10⁸ CFU/ml), we induced chronic abscess-forming peritonitis in rats (n=19, untreated). Fifteen animals were treated with heparin 30 IU, administered s.c. from day 1 after inoculation of the bacteria onwards. The main groups were divided into three subgroups (n=8/5/6 andn=5/5/5), which were observed for 3/7/14 days, respectively. On days 3 and 7, abdominal swabs were not onlyB. fragilis positive, but also showed severe polyvalent mixed infection after translocation of intestinal bacteria into the abdominal cavity. In the heparin group,B. fragilis positive swabs were reduced and translocation was inhibited (P<0.05 for days 3 and 7). In the untreated group, blood cultures wereB. fragilis positive on days 3/7/14 in 3/2/1 animals versus 0/1/1 in the heparin group. Adhesions were found in the untreated group in 1/4/5 animals, whereas in the heparin group there were no adhesions (P<0.05 for days 7 and 14). However, intra-abdominal abscesses were also diminished in the heparin group (0/2/1) compared with the untreated animals (2/4/6,P<0.05 for day 14). Therefore, heparin was shown to have a favourable influence on chronic abscess-forming peritonitis in an animal model.