2017年安徽省某三甲医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解铜陵市人民医院2017年临床分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法 对2017年1-12月临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法(KB)进行药敏试验，按CLSI 2017年版标准判读药敏试验结果，采用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 临床分离细菌共3436株，其中革兰阳性菌719株，占20.9%；革兰阴性菌2717株，占79.1%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为23.8%和72.3%，耐甲氧西林株对β-内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株，未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低，屎肠球菌对氯霉素的耐药率较低，5.3%屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形菌中ESBLs的检出率分别为41.4%、50.7%和19.4%。肠杆菌科细菌中克雷伯菌属和沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率较高，分别为37.5%和36.0%，其他菌属的耐药率低于3%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别80.3%和79.1%；铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为29.7%和28.4%。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中广泛耐药株的检出率分别为31.3%(171/546)、0.6%(3/508)和0.7%(3/416)。结论 本院革兰阴性菌呈增多趋势，尤其广泛耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌应引起高度关注，做好细菌耐药性监测，加强临床抗菌药物的合理使用和医院感染控制。     

A new aspect of in vitro antimicrobial leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma activity based on flow cytometry assessment

The current literature suggests that the antibacterial effect of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) is directly related to platelet and leukocyte concentrations. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of L-PRP against selected bacterial strains in vitro, and second, to correlate this effect with leukocyte and platelet content in the final concentration. Blood was collected from 20 healthy males, and L-PRP, acellular plasma (AP), and autologous thrombin were consecutively prepared. Flow cytometry analysis of the blood, L-PRP, and AP was performed. The L-PRP gel, liquid L-PRP, and thrombin samples were tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties against seven selected bacterial strains using the Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method. There was notable antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains. No statistically significant correlations between antimicrobial activities and the platelet concentration in L-PRP were observed. Statistically significant positive correlations between selected leukocyte subtypes and antimicrobial activity were noted. A negative correlation was found between elevated monocyte count and antimicrobial activity of L-PRP against one bacterial strain studied. L-PRP possesses antimicrobial activity and can be potentially useful in the fight against certain postoperative infections. The bactericidal effect of L-PRP is caused by leukocytes, and there exists a relationship among selected leukocyte subtypes and L-PRP antimicrobial activity.     

反复粪便培养金黄色葡萄球菌阳性老年患者口服万古霉素效果评价

目的 通过探讨肠道非急性感染期反复粪便培养金黄色葡萄球菌阳性的老年患者口服万古霉素的效果，为此类患者提供一种潜在的治疗方案。方法 前瞻性分析吉林大学第一医院干部病房2015 年9 月～2018 年12 月收治的186 例肠道非急性感染期反复粪便培养金黄色葡萄球菌阳性的老年患者。根据是否口服万古霉素治疗分为万古组和对照组。收集两组患者的一般临床资料，比较两组患者试验前后万古霉素血药浓度、血常规、降钙素原（PCT）、C 反应蛋白（CRP），试验期间粪便培养结果、体温、抗生素使用情况。结果 试验治疗期间，万古组便培养转阴率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；万古组发热率（29.75%）低于对照组的34.77%，差异有高度统计学意义（P＜0.01）；万古组抗生素使用率（4.49%）低于对照组的19.23%，差异有高度统计学意义（P＜0.01）。试验前两组白细胞、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例、PCT、CRP 比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；试验后万古组白细胞、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例、CRP 低于对照组，差异有高度统计学意义（P＜0.01）。试验后万古组白细胞、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例、CRP 低于试验前，差异有高度统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论 口服万古霉素可能提高肠道非急性感染期反复粪便培养金黄色葡萄球菌阳性的老年患者粪便转阴率，减少发热及抗生素的应用，降低炎症细胞水平，可能是此类患者一种潜在的临床治疗方案。     

Therapeutics and delivery vehicles for local treatment of osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis, or the infection of the bone, presents a major complication in orthopedics and may lead to prolonged hospital visits, implant failure, and in more extreme cases, amputation of affected limbs. Typical treatment for this disease involves surgical debridement followed by long-term, systemic antibiotic administration, which contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and has limited ability to eradicate challenging biofilm-forming pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus—the most common cause of osteomyelitis. Local delivery of high doses of antibiotics via traditional bone cement can reduce systemic side effects of an antibiotic. Nonetheless, growing concerns over burst release (then subtherapeutic dose) of antibiotics, along with microbial colonization of the nondegradable cement biomaterial, further exacerbate antibiotic resistance and highlight the need to engineer alternative antimicrobial therapeutics and local delivery vehicles with increased efficacy against, in particular, biofilm-forming, antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, limited guidance exists regarding both standardized formulation protocols and validated assays to predict efficacy of a therapeutic against multiple strains of bacteria. Ideally, antimicrobial strategies would be highly specific while exhibiting a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity. With a focus on S. aureus infection, this review addresses the efficacy of novel therapeutics and local delivery vehicles, as alternatives to the traditional antibiotic regimens. The aim of this review is to discuss these components with regards to long bone osteomyelitis and to encourage positive directions for future research efforts.     

Antibacterial activities of the leaf extracts of Eugenia uniflora Linn. (Synonym Stenocalyx michelli Linn.) Myrtaceae

The aqueous, organic, and volatile oil extracts of leaves of Eugenia uniflora Linn. Family Myrtaceae were investigated for antibacterial properties using agar dilution techniques. The aqueous extract was the most active against the organisms compared to the organic and volatile oil extracts. The extracts were found to inhibit Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentcriae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniac, and Salmonella typhi were not inhibited.     

仙草消毒液杀灭微生物效果与毒性的试验观察

仙草消毒液为含 3 0 %乙醇的植物消毒剂 ,其中包括五味子、细辛、丁香等成分 ,p H6.0 1。为了解其杀灭微生物效果及其毒性 ,进行了载体定量杀菌试验及毒性试验。结果 ,1∶ 1的水稀释液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用2分钟 ,1∶ 2的稀释液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用 8分钟 ,以其原液对白色念珠菌作用 2 min,平均杀灭率均大于99.90 %。小牛血清对其杀灭效果有影响 ,原液经 5 4℃存放 14天 ,杀菌效果无明显变化。以其原液对雌、雄小鼠经口 LD50 >5 0 0 0 mg/Kg,对大耳白兔一次眼、皮肤刺激试验平均积分指数为 0 ,微核试验阴性 ,蓄积毒性试验为弱蓄积毒性     

荧光原位杂交法快速鉴定血培养阳性葡萄球菌的临床应用

目的快速鉴定血培养中的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS),结合临床快速判定是否为污染菌。方法采用荧光原位杂交法鉴定血培养中的金黄色葡萄球菌和CoNS,杂交结果若为CoNS,根据临床资料进行判断,并与文献推荐的污染判断法进行结果比较。结果探针的特异性经由标准菌株和临床分离菌株证实。金黄色葡萄球菌探针的特异性和敏感性均为100%,GoNS探针的特异性和敏感性分别为100%和95.5%。179株CoNS中117株判断为污染菌,污染率为68%,与文献推荐的污染判断方法一致。结论荧光原位杂交法适用于血培养中的金黄色葡萄球菌和CoNS的快速鉴定,以排除CoNS污染。