医疗事故的定义、性质与类型新探

文章在广泛比较借鉴国内外医疗事故方面的立法实例和学说理论的基础上，准确把握医疗事故的本质属性，揭示新旧立法中的医疗事故概念的缺陷和弊端，从学理上对它进行重新界定，并进而就医疗事故的性质、类型做出了精细的分析，应有助于相关法律立法质量的提高和司法中正确适用有关法律。     

医院档案管理工作基于新形势的开展途径分析

医院是为人类提供公共卫生服务的一个单位,其存在具有至关重要的影响意义,是人们医疗卫生事业的主要承担场所,医院所提供的公共卫生服务水平主要受到两个方面因素的影响,其一是医疗卫生发展水平,其二是人们生活水平;而这两种因素均受到人类社会经济发展水平的影响,由此可见,医院可以直接反映人类社会的发展水平,医院管理治疗会对其实际运行水平产生直接性影响,同时也侧面体现了我国公共卫生服务质量。因此,基于此种社会现实下,结合新形势要求,分析医院档案管理工作存在的弊端,并探讨创新途径具有至关重要的影响意义,这不仅是国家发展、社会发展的要求,同时也是医院实现可持续运行的根本条件,是当前医院刻不容缓需要解决的主要问题。     

医疗纠纷处理模式的若干问题探讨

目前,医疗纠纷的数量急剧上升,现有的法规已难以适应形势的发展,医疗事故鉴定结论的公正性日益受到患者的质疑,其提出的高额赔偿要求已远远超过各省市现行规定的标准。医院管理者作为解决医疗纠纷的一线人员,普遍感到现有法规已难以操作。本文提出以完善立法为基础的几项改革措施：（１）成立卫生法庭（２）建立医疗风险保险（３）加强以行医执照的基础的行业管理（４）加快养老、医疗、残疾等社会保障制度的综合改革步伐。以此     

Post-mortem cast angiography in the diagnostics of graft complications in patients with fatal outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

The advantages and limitations of a novel post-mortem angiographic method using solidifying silicone rubber and lead oxide as a contrast medium in detecting coronary artery graft complications on a routine basis were evaluated in a series of 223 consecutive patients with fatal outcome within 30 days following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Of these patients, 166 (74.4%) were male and 57 (25.6%) female (mean age 61.9 ± 9). Coronary grafts totalled 660 (3.0 per patient) with 517 aortic and 838 coronary anastomoses. At autopsy, the rubber cast model of the grafts and coronary arterial tree was exposed by a bend scalpel and sites of possible complications were examined. Post-mortem angiographs were re-evaluated and compared with preoperative angiographs and dissection findings. By combining the findings of angiography and heart dissection, 122 (54.7%) of the 223 patients were found to have some type of complication of the graft or the anastomosis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of postmortem angiography was 100% in assessing narrowing or twisting of the graft as well as narrowing of the aortal anastomosis, whereas these findings were revealed with difficulty by autopsy dissection only. In cases with correct x-ray projection, narrowing and occlusion of the proximal aortal and distal coronary anastomosis were also reliably revealed by angiography. In contrast, graft thrombosis was clearly overdiagnosed by angiography, leading to a lower specificity (84%) but high sensitivity (100%) in detecting this complication. Post-mortem angiography also failed to detect dissection of the wall of the graft or anastomosis. Technical problems with this angiographic method were due to too low perfusion pressure, too rapid polymerizing of the silicone rubber, leakage of contrast medium into the ventricles, or faulty x-ray projections. These results suggest that our post-mortem angiographic technique, yielding a permanent rubber- cast model of the graft and anastomosis site, improves the accuracy of diagnostics of postoperative CABG complications and eases postoperative autopsy dissection, which can now be directed to confirm suspected complications. Received: 27 October 1997 / Received in revised form: 2 July 1998     

Implicaciones bioéticas y médico-legales del uso de la fotografía en dermatología

Photographs are necessary in the clinical practice of dermatology, but there are ethical implications to consider. Moreover, dermatologists must be aware of and comply with certain legal requirements affecting the use of photographs. The main ethical principles are respect for patient autonomy and the physician's obligation to do no harm. The law differentiates between 2 bases for protection: one concerns the photographed person's rights over the image and the other protects personal data. Recent legislation places restrictions on taking photographs and exhibiting them. Photographs taken to be stored with a medical history have not been called into question, but the physician is recommended to inform the patient that they exist. When a photograph is exhibited for the purpose of teaching or illustrating concepts, it is necessary to determine whether or not the patient can be identified. If the answer is yes, the patient must give explicit permission. Caution should be exercised when publishing medical photographs on social media.     

树立医疗事故技术鉴定的权威性

《医疗事故处理条例》是解决医患纠纷的专业性规范，医疗事故技术鉴定是我国目前认定医疗纠纷中医疗行为是否有过失以及过失与损害结果是否存在因果关系的唯一合法、有效的方法。司法鉴定中的法医类鉴定有其专门的适用领域，将法医类鉴定用于处理医患纠纷，既无合法性，也无科学性，无法客观、公正地解决医患纠纷。因此，本文阐述的观点旨在树立医疗事故技术鉴定的权威性，维护医患双方的合法权益，促进医学科学的发展。     

对医疗事故技术鉴定程序规范化的探讨

对１９９５年１２月～１９９８年５月受理的４２起医疗事故技术鉴定工作进行分析和总结，认为建立和完善科学化、规范化的鉴定工作程序，是保证鉴定质量的有效措施。要建立规范化的受理工作程序、准备工作程序和鉴定会议程序。     

Complications and patient-injury after ankle fracture surgery. −A closed claim analysis with data from the Patient Compensation Association in Denmark

BackgroundThe Patient Compensation Association (PCA) receives claims for financial compensation from patients who believe they have sustained damage from their treatment in the Danish health care system. In this study, we have analysed closed claims in which patients suffered injuries due to the surgical treatment of their ankle fracture. We identified causalities contributing to these injuries and malpractices, as well as the economic consequences of these damages.MethodsFifty-one approved closed claims from the PCA database from the years 2004–2009 were analysed in a retrospective systematic review. All patients were adults with an iatrogenic injury, and received compensation. A root cause analysis was performed to identify whether the patient suffered the damage preoperatively, during surgery or postoperatively, and to determine the level of education of the injurious doctor. Economic compensation, co-morbidities and end-result complications were registered.ResultsIn 9 of the cases the injuries happened preoperatively, but the majority of the injuries, namely 34 occurred during surgery. In 21 of the cases the damage happened postoperatively. Thirty percentages of the patients were mistreated in more than one phase. Level of competence was medical specialists in 2/3 and junior doctors in 1/3 of the cases. In the preoperative phase both groups were equally responsible for the inflicted damage. In the perioperative- and postoperative group, medical specialists inflicted the majority of damages. General recommendations regarding ORIF were not followed in 21/49 of the perioperative damages. The pronation fracture was the most common. The patients received a total average compensation of 17.561 USD each.ConclusionManaging the complex ankle fracture, requires considerable experience. This study indicates that extra attention should be paid to the most technically demanding fractures as the pronation-external-rotation-, diabetic- and fragility fractures. Surgeons should follow the recommendations for ORIF. Emphasis should also focus on adequate postoperative plans. This study finds a high readmission-burden, re-operation rate and great expenses in form of compensation.