喉鳞癌微血管密度与颈淋巴结转移及病理临床分期的相关性研究

目的研究喉鳞癌微血管密度与颈淋巴结转移及病理临床分期的相关性。方法采用抗Ⅷ因子相关抗原的抗体标记肿瘤血管内皮细胞并测定喉鳞癌组织微血管密度。结果①颈淋巴结转移组喉鳞癌的微血管密度显著高于非转移组(32.1518±6.489∶18.0672±4.983,P<0.01);②喉鳞癌微血管密度大于均数组则颈淋巴结转移率显著增高(P<0.01);③病理临床分期晚期组喉鳞癌的微血管密度明显高于早期组(P<0.01)。结论喉鳞癌微血管密度可作为预测其颈淋巴结转移的一项指标。     

CD44 enhances tumor formation and lung metastasis in experimental osteosarcoma and is an additional predictor for poor patient outcome

Formation of metastases in the lungs is the major cause of death in patients suffering from osteosarcoma (OS). Metastases at presentation and poor response to preoperative chemotherapy are strong predictors for poor patient outcome. The elucidation of molecular markers that promote metastasis formation and/or chemoresistance is therefore of importance. CD44 is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that binds to the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) and has been shown to be involved in metastasis formation in a variety of other tumors. Here we investigated the role of CD44 expression on OS tumor formation and metastasis. High CD44 expression, evaluated with a tissue microarray including samples from 53 OS patients and stained with a pan‐CD44 antibody (Hermes3), showed a tendency (p < 0.08) to shortened overall survival. However, nonresponders and patients with lung metastases and high CD44 expression had significantly poorer prognosis than patients with low CD44 expression. Overexpression of the standard CD44 isoform (CD44s) and its HA‐binding defective mutant R41A in osteoblastic SaOS‐2 cells resulted in HA‐independent higher migration rates and increased chemoresistance, partially dependent on HA. In an orthotopic mouse model of OS, overexpression of CD44s in SaOS‐2 cells resulted in an HA‐dependent increased primary tumor formation and increased numbers of micrometastases and macrometastases in the lungs. In conclusion, although CD44 failed to be an independent predictor for patient outcome in this limited cohort of OS patients, increased CD44 expression was associated with even worse survival in patients with chemoresistance and with lung metastases. CD44‐associated chemoresistance was also observed in vitro, and increased formation of lung metastases was found in vivo in SCID mice. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Bone Microenvironment-Suppressed T Cells Increase Osteoclast Formation and Osteolytic Bone Metastases in Mice

Immunotherapies use components of the immune system, such as T cells, to fight cancer cells, and are changing cancer treatment, causing durable responses in some patients. Bone metastases are a debilitating complication in advanced breast and prostate cancer patients. Approved treatments fail to cure bone metastases or increase patient survival and it remains unclear whether immunotherapy could benefit patients. The bone microenvironment combines various immunosuppressive factors, and combined with T cell products could increase bone resorption fueling the vicious cycle of bone metastases. Using syngeneic mouse models, our study revealed that bone metastases from 4T1 breast cancer contain tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) and their development is increased in normal mice compared to immunodeficient and T-cell depleted mice. This effect seemed caused by the TILs specifically in bone, because T-cell depletion increased 4T1 orthotopic tumors and did not affect bone metastases from RM-1 prostate cancer cells, which lack TILs. T cells increased osteoclast formation ex vivo and in vivo contributing to bone metastasis vicious cycle. This pro-osteoclastic effect is specific to unactivated T cells, because activated T cells, secreting interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), actually suppressed osteoclastogenesis, which could benefit patients. However, non-activated T cells from bone metastases could not be activated in ex vivo cultures. 4T1 bone metastases were associated with an increase of functional polymorphonuclear and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), potent T-cell suppressors. Although effective in other models, sildenafil and zoledronic acid did not affect MDSCs in bone metastases. Seeking other therapeutic targets, we found that monocytic MDSCs are more potent suppressors than polymorphonuclear MDSCs, expressing programmed cell death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1)⁺ in bone, which could trigger T-cell suppression because 70% express its receptor, programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1). Collectively, our findings identified a new mechanism by which suppressed T cells increase osteoclastogenesis and bone metastases. Our results also provide a rationale for using immunotherapy because T-cell activation would increase their anti-cancer and their anti-osteoclastic properties. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

p53 Expression in Gastric Cancer (Clinicopathological Correlation and Prognostic Significance)

For evaluation of the prognostic relevance ofp53 expression in gastric cancer, theimmunohistochemical tissue status of 133 primary gastriccancer patients was investigated for p53 expression andthe association between p53 tissue status andclinicopathological parameters was analyzed. P53immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei of cancercells in 35 cases (26.3%). The nuclear p53immunoreaction was closely associated with tumor location, lymph nodemetastasis, and curability. Tumors with positive p53stain reactions frequently metastasized to lymph nodes(metastatic rate: 91.4%) in contrast to tumors with negative p53 stain reactivity (71.4%, P =0.021). Immunohistochemical analysis of primary gastriccancer appears to be an accurate and simple method ofscreening for p53 expression. In combination with common prognostic parameters, determination of p53tissue status might help to detect prognosticallyunfavorable subgroups of gastric cancerpatients.     

基质金属蛋白酶-7mRNA与胃癌淋巴结微转移的关系

目的 探讨检测胃癌淋巴结微转移的有效方法。方法 用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)mRNA在24例胃癌94枚淋巴结中的表达，并与常规病理检查进行对比。结果 94枚淋巴结常规病理组织学检出癌转移54枚，MMP-7mRNA表达阳性78枚。MMP-7mRNA表达阳性而传统组织学检查阴性的28个淋巴结，再次切片有8枚发现癌转移。对5例淋巴结组织学检查阴性而MMP-7mRNA表达阳性的患者随访中发现，有2例分别在胃癌根治术后16个月和22个月发现肝转移。结论 RT-PCR法检测。MMP-7mRNA对胃癌淋巴结微转移的诊断有较高的敏感性，对判断预后和指导术后辅助治疗具有重要意义。     

Inhibiting activin‐A signaling stimulates bone formation and prevents cancer‐induced bone destruction in vivo

Cancers that grow in bone, such as myeloma and breast cancer metastases, cause devastating osteolytic bone destruction. These cancers hijack bone remodeling by stimulating osteoclastic bone resorption and suppressing bone formation. Currently, treatment is targeted primarily at blocking bone resorption, but this approach has achieved only limited success. Stimulating osteoblastic bone formation to promote repair is a novel alternative approach. We show that a soluble activin receptor type IIA fusion protein (ActRIIA.muFc) stimulates osteoblastogenesis (p < .01), promotes bone formation (p < .01) and increases bone mass in vivo (p < .001). We show that the development of osteolytic bone lesions in mice bearing murine myeloma cells is caused by both increased resorption (p < .05) and suppression of bone formation (p < .01). ActRIIA.muFc treatment stimulates osteoblastogenesis (p < .01), prevents myeloma‐induced suppression of bone formation (p < .05), blocks the development of osteolytic bone lesions (p < .05), and increases survival (p < .05). We also show, in a murine model of breast cancer bone metastasis, that ActRIIA.muFc again prevents bone destruction (p < .001) and inhibits bone metastases (p < .05). These findings show that stimulating osteoblastic bone formation with ActRIIA.muFc blocks the formation of osteolytic bone lesions and bone metastases in models of myeloma and breast cancer and paves the way for new approaches to treating this debilitating aspect of cancer. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

乳腺癌组织中survivin，p53蛋白的表达与预后的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌组织中survivin基因和p53基因的表达与预后的关系。方法用免疫组化S P法检测80例乳腺癌组织中survivin、p53的表达,分析其与腋淋巴结转移和5年无病生存率之间的关系。结果survivin基因在乳腺癌中阳性表达率为68.75%(55/80)、p53基因阳性表达率为46.25%(37/80),均与腋淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05),与5年无病生存率相关(P<0.05)。survivin和p53表达与肿瘤病理类型、发病年龄、临床分期无明显相关性(P>0.05);survivin和p53基因表达相关(P=0.0025)。结论survivin和p53基因可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,联合检测能更好地判断乳腺癌的预后。     

活血化瘀中药抗肿瘤血行转移的思路探讨

分析活血化瘀方法对恶性肿瘤血行转移的具体作用及其可能机制，活血化瘀方药可以改善肿瘤患者血液高粘状态，防止肿瘤栓子的形成，对脱离原发瘤并移进行进入血液循环的肿瘤细胞有直接或间接的抑杀作用，能够防治恶性肿瘤的血行转移。肿瘤转移异常复杂，涉及到许多因素，但按中医辨证论治的原则，具体分析肿瘤发展不同阶段血瘀证候证型的变化特点，正确选用活血化瘀方药，可以获得满意的疗效，取得一致的研究结论。