遥感技术在蚊虫孳生地监测中的应用

遥感技术作为一种快速、有效的监测工具,目前在国外已越来越多地应用于蚊虫调查和防治研究中。本文就遥感技术的原理、方法、以及在蚊虫研究中的应用作一概述,并对遥感在我国蚊虫研究的应用前景予以展望。     

多杀菌素Natular G30对海南省不同生境致倦库蚊的控制效果比较研究

目的 比较不同剂量多杀菌素Natular G30在生活污水与小型净水中对致倦库蚊海口种群的控制效果,为其在蚊虫控制中的应用提供依据.方法 用海南省海口市生活污水与小型净水中的致倦库蚊幼虫和水,在外环境以减退率为指标,分别测定Natular G30 10、20、40和80 mg/m2对蚊虫的控制效果.试验中,两次测量试验水体的水质pH值、温度、总固体含量、盐度、溶解氧含量.结果 生活污水的pH值、溶解氧含量分别为（9.62±0.43）、（12.79±3.01）mg/L,小型净水分别为（8.91±0.39）、（7.77±3.46）mg/L,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.在生活污水中,多杀菌素有效浓度为10和20 mg/m2时,蚊虫控制持效时间为12d,40和80 mg/m2处理的则＞30 d;而在小型净水中,所有4个浓度均有超过30 d的持效期.两种水体所有剂量在第1天对1、2龄期幼虫的减退率即接近100％,3、4龄期幼虫在第3～7天出现100％减退,而蛹在第1天的减退率基本为负值.结论 多杀菌素Natular G30对致倦库蚊幼虫的控制效果具有高效、持久的特点;且对1、2龄幼虫的毒性高于对3、4龄幼虫的毒性,对蛹无明显的毒杀作用.因其在小型净水中的效果优于生活污水,使用时应根据水质调整剂量.     

不同产地丹参中隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量比较

目的:建立测定不同产地丹参中隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为KromasilTMC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(75∶25),流速为1mL·min-1,检测波长为270nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA进样量的线性范围分别为1.45～10.19、2.16～15.12、3.15～22.06μg(r分别为0.9998、0.9996、0.9997);平均回收率分别为99.44%、99.48%、99.34%,RSD分别为0.2%、0.1%、0.1%(n均为6)。不同产地丹参中隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮ⅡA含量差别较大。结论:本方法稳定、可靠、重复性好,可用于丹参的质量控制。     

Variables that modulate the spatial distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi in the Brazilian Pantanal

An evaluation was made on how the landscape and cattle ranching affect the transmission cycles and the patterns of tripanosomatid infection (Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi) of small wild mammals in the Pantanal. This region comprises a large natural environment with a multiplicity of habitats, wide variety of biodiversity besides the presence of livestock. T. cruzi and T. evansi infections were evaluated by parasitological and serological methods in one preserved and one cattle ranching area. The diversity of the small mammal fauna showed to be the same in the two studied areas, however, their relative abundance was different. Distinct enzootiological scenarios of both trypanosomatids could be observed. Transmission of T. cruzi occurred mainly in forested areas, in the two study areas, while T. evansi occurred dispersed among all habitats studied in the unpreserved area. The arboreal rodent Oecomys mamorae, the most abundant species in both areas, displayed high T. cruzi and T. evansi serum prevalence and parasitemias. Also, the caviomorph rodent Thrichomys pachyurus was shown to be an important host due to its expressive relative abundance, prevalence of infection by both trypanosomatid species and a broad range use of habitats. The role of the small mammal fauna in the transmission cycle of both trypanosomes species seems to be distinct according to land use since we found a broad range of T. evansi infected hosts in the preserved area in contrast to cattle ranching area and a half number of the rodents species infected with T. cruzi in unpreserved in comparison to protect area. The present study showed that cattle ranching in this study area did not enhance overall prevalence of T. cruzi infection among small wild mammals. Together with the observation that small mammals diversity in FA is similar to RN area suggest that ranching activity may also not necessarily conduct to biodiversity loss or risk of Chagas disease.     

HPLC法测定不同产地叶下珠中槲皮素的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定不同产地叶下珠中槲皮素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为ZorbaxSB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5.0μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸(30:70),流速为1mL·min-1,紫外检测波长为370nm。结果:槲皮素进样量在0.05～0.40μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999);平均回收率为102.23%,RSD=1.87%(n=6)。云南产的叶下珠中槲皮素的含量最高。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可为正确选择叶下珠原料及其综合开发提供科学依据。     

应用卫星遥感信息预测1998年洪水后南京市江滩钉螺分布

目的 了解１９９８年洪水后对南京市江滩和通江河道钉螺分布的影响及其现状。方法 收集陆地卫星ＴＭ遥感资料和１９９８～２０００年间南京江滩钉螺孳生分布情况,遥感资料在ＥＲＤＡＳｉｍａｇｉｎｇ８．３软件上分析,按周晓农等法,建模分析并分别提取出植被指数和水域分布区域。并进行校正叠加,提取出钉螺的可疑孳生地。随机抽取卫星遥感资料分析所示的钉螺可疑孳生环境,分别与地面调查结果进行核对验证。结果 遥感资料分析结果预测钉螺可疑孳生地范围与近两年春季查出的有螺面积和分布范围基本相符,总符合率为９１．６７％（２２／２４）,其中大环境符合率１００％（９／９）;中环境符合率１００％（６／６）;小环境符合率７７．７８％（７／９）。结论 应用地理信息系统和遥感技术预测钉螺孳生地对掌握血吸虫病流行范围和高危地带有重要意义。     

应用钉螺孳生地分布模型预测1998年特大洪水对扬州市江滩钉螺分布的影响

目的了解1998年洪水对扬州市江滩钉螺分布的影响和钉螺孳生地分布模型的实用价值.方法采用现场人工调查和钉螺孳生地分布模型相结合的方法,按周晓农报道的模型在ERDAS软件上分别进行卫星遥感图象的叠加、校正、提取,用红色在图上标出钉螺的可疑孳生环境,并与地面调查结果进行核对验证.结果1 998年洪水后,江滩钉螺面积增加了 27.20%,25个抽样可疑钉螺孳生地洪水后钉螺面积增加了 61.48%,洪水前(1 998年)和洪水后(1 999、2000年)钉螺密度分别为0.945只/框、1.278只/框和1.289只/框,钉螺孳生地分布模型预测的钉螺可疑孳生地范围与洪水后两年春季查出钉螺分布范围总符合率为88.00%,其中30×104m2以上环境的符合率为90.00%,10×104～30×104m2环境的符合率为100%,10×104m 2以下环境的符合率为75.00%.结论 1998年洪水后,扬州市钉螺明显扩散,钉螺孳生地分布模型对快速筛选钉螺可疑孳生地范围和确定钉螺孳生高危地带有重要意义.     

五个产区莲子心调研及其莲心碱含量分析

目的 通过产地调研对比5个产区莲子心中莲心碱含量,分析影响莲心碱含量的主要因素.方法 在莲子心主产区(江西、湖南、湖北、福建、四川)进行调研与样品收集,依据《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版测定莲子心中莲心碱的含量,分析影响莲心碱含量的主要因素.结果 江西、湖南、湖北、福建、四川五省莲子心莲心碱合格率分别为0,31.0...     

福建省三都澳岛鼠体螨类调查

目的调查福建省三都澳岛鼠体外革螨及恙螨的分布情况。方法采用笼日法捕鼠，检获鼠体外革螨及恙螨。结果共检获革螨6769只，分属4科8属13种，恙螨31580只，分属1科2属6种。体外革螨密度最高的鼠种为针毛鼠，以土尔克厉螨、福建厉螨为优势种，黄毛鼠及针毛鼠染恙螨率及总恙螨指数均较高，但前者以小板纤恙螨为优势种，后者以苍白纤恙螨为优势种；灌木山地黄毛鼠革螨染螨率为86．67％，螨指数为9．99，两者均高于水稻田（染螨率为68．57％，螨指数为6．86）；灌木山地黄毛鼠恙螨染螨率为93．14％，螨指数为128．30，两者亦高于水稻田（染螨率为36．90％，螨指数为29．03）；毒厉螨、纳氏厉螨季节性不明显，全年均有出现，福建厉螨、土尔克厉螨、小板纤恙螨、苍白纤恙螨、广东珠恙螨及异毛纤恙螨均为冬春活动的螨，中华血厉螨仅出现于冬季，地里纤恙螨则出现于气温较高的夏秋季。结论福建省三都澳岛鼠体外革螨及恙螨的分布广泛，种群构成和密度受宿主、生境、季节等因素的影响。     

Ecological conditions of natural foci of tularaemia in the Czech Republic

Tularaemia, a zoonosis of veterinary and public health importance, commonly occurs in the Czech Republic as well as other countries of Northern Hemisphere. The objective of this study was to analyse the environmental conditions of distribution of natural foci of tularaemia and their long-term persistence in the Czech Republic. A geographic information system has been used for this purpose. A new variable (x _t), the mean number of natural foci in a specific area, has been suggested for the evaluation of diseases occurring in natural foci. Comparing two 15-year periods, a close correlation between the geographic distribution and numbers of natural foci of tularaemia in the Czech Republic in 1971–1985 and 1986–2000 (r = 0.91, n = 1814, t = 92.50, p = 0.01) was found. Natural foci of tularaemia have been persistent, but not stationary, over the period of 30 years and the geographic area of their occurrence has not been considerably growing or diminishing in the Czech Republic. The highest numbers of natural foci of tularaemia were in habitats of alluvial forests (x _t = 7.20), geographic areas of up to 200 m of elevation above sea (x _t = 9.18), 8.1–10.0 °C of mean annual air temperature (x _t = 6.24), 450–700 mm of mean annual precipitation (x _t = 2.84), and 2001–2200 hour of mean annual sunshine duration (x _t = 8.77). It was proved that tularaemia persists in specific areas of natural foci, the general environmental conditions of which can be defined and make it possible to predict the occurrence of tularaemia in other areas of suitable conditions.