Spilled Gallstones: the Source of an Enigma

Spillage of gallstones may occur in the course of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The incidence of this mishap and its consequences are variable. Ignored by many surgeons, stone spillage may be the source of significant morbidity many years after surgery. In this report, we describe the clinical course of a patient who presented with upper abdominal pain and swelling. The past history was positive for laparoscopic cholecystectomy 15 years earlier. After excision, the swelling was found to be a pseudocyst formed around spilled gallstones during a previous cholecystectomy. Apart from postoperative wound infection, the patient recovered well and remains so. Here, we discuss the problem and provide suggestions for spillage prevention and stone retrieval once spillage occurs.     

基于倾向性匹配法的胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎手术DRG控费效果研究

目的 基于倾向性匹配分析疾病诊断相关分组（DRG）对胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎手术患者住院费用的控费效果。方法 收集2021年1月至2022年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院1 010例胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎手术患者住院费用数据,按付费方式分为DRG组（n=570）和非DRG组（n=440）。采用描述性统计分析、倾向性评分法、秩和检验,平衡病例间混杂因素后,检验DRG组和非DRG组住院费用情况。结果 共纳入1 010例病例,经倾向性匹配成功852例。胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎患者DRG组与非DRG组年龄、住院天数在匹配前差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。患者住院费用中,耗材费、药费占比较高。经倾向性匹配后,DRG组与非DRG组住院总费用（Z=7.519,P<0.001）、自费金额（Z=13.903,P<0.001）、医保报销费用（Z=11.561,P<0.001）、综合医疗服务费（Z=2.188,P=0.029）、手术费（Z=2.256,P=0.024）、药费（Z=3.202,P=0.001）、耗材费（Z=2.229,P=0.026）、诊断费（Z=8.263,P<0.001）差异均有统计学意义。结论 DRG对胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎患者自费金额、综合医疗服务费、手术费、药费、耗材费及诊断费均具有控费效果,且总体对住院费用控费效果较好,但费用结构方面仍存在优化空间。     

血清总胆汁酸测定在胆石症诊治中的应用

目的：探讨胆汁酸（ＴＢＡ）测定在胆石症诊治中的应用价值。方法：酶法测定１０７例胆石症病人和３９例正常人血甭ＴＢＡ,并与ＡＬＴ和ＡＬＰ进行比较分析。结果：与对照组比较,胆石症病人血清ＴＢＡ升高,伴发炎症或胆汁淤积时差异显著：ＴＢＡ在反映胆道炎症和胆汁淤积症方面分别与ＡＬＴ、ＡＬＰ有正相关关系。结论：血清ＴＢＡＩ 胆石症诊治中有一定参考价值。     

胆囊癌与妊娠关系的全人群病例对照研究

目的探讨胆囊癌与妊娠的关系.方法采用全人群病例对照研究,研究对象为1997年6月1日～2001年5月31日期间确诊、年龄在35～74岁的上海市区女性胆囊癌269例以及按年龄(5岁一组)频数配对的538名人群对照,采用非条件lo-gistic回归模型分析妊娠与胆囊癌的关系.结果胆囊癌合并胆石症者中,与妊娠次数≤2次者比较,妊娠次数(3次,4次,5次及≥6次)的各组调整OR分别为1.33(95%CI:0.59-2.99),1.34(95%CI:0.58-3.11),1.39(95%CI:0.57-3.43)和2.67(95%CI:1.12-6.41),趋势检验P=0.03.结论多次妊娠可能通过胆石症影响胆囊癌的发生,生育因素导致的女性体内雌、孕激素水平的升高可能在胆囊癌病因学中起一定的作用.     

Lessons learnt from a case of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for a residual gallbladder stone

IntroductionExtracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ECSWL) for gallstones is rarely used due to high recurrence rates, but has been reported to be effective in some circumstances.Presentation of caseWe describe a case of a failed attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to gallbladder contraction and complete obliteration of Calot’s triangle. Cholecystotomy was performed to remove all visible stones, and completed by a subtotal cholecystectomy and closure of the gallbladder remnant. The patient remained symptomatic due to a residual stone in the Hartmann’s pouch. ECSWL was attempted to fragment the stone; however, follow-up imaging showed persistence of the calculus.DiscussionLiterature review shows that ECSWL for multiple gallbladder stones has a low success rate. Even if a stone is successfully fragmented, a diseased gallbladder remnant seems incapable of expelling the fragments. Without completion endoscopic clearance, therefore, the treatment is considered incomplete.ConclusionOur case suggests that ECSWL is ineffective in management of residual gallbladder stones after failed cholecystectomy.     

Implementation of a novel emergency surgical unit significantly improves the management of gallstone pancreatitis

Introduction

Emergency surgery is changing rapidly with a greater workload, early subspecialisation and centralisation of emergency care. We describe the impact of a novel emergency surgical unit (ESU) on the definitive management of patients with gallstone pancreatitis (GSP).

Methods

A comparative audit was undertaken for all admissions with GSP before and after the introduction of the ESU over a six-month period. The impact on compliance with British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines was assessed.

Results

Thirty-five patients were treated for GSP between December 2013 and May 2014, after the introduction of the ESU. This was twice the nationally reported average for a UK trust over a six-month period. All patients received definitive management for their GSP and 100% of all suitable patients received treatment during the index admission or within two weeks of discharge. This was a significantly greater proportion than that prior to the introduction of the ESU (57%, p=0.0001) as well as the recently reported national average (34%). The mean length of total inpatient stay was reduced significantly after the ESU was introduced from 13.7 ± 4.7 days to 7.8 ± 2.1 days (p=0.03). The mean length of postoperative stay also fell significantly from 6.7 ± 2.6 days to 1.8 ± 0.8 days (p=0.001).

Conclusions

A dedicated ESU following national recommendations for emergency surgery care by way of using dedicated emergency surgeons and a streamlined protocol for common presentations has been shown by audit of current practice to significantly improve the management of patients presenting to a busy district general hospital with GSP.     

胆道结石并发肝内胆管癌风险的Meta分析

目的 明确肝外胆管结石及胆囊结石并发肝内胆管癌(Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)风险,为胆道结石的临床治疗提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、EmBase以及CBM等数据库,查找胆道结石以及胆囊结石并发ICC风险的队列研究或者病例对照研究.应用STATA软件对所获得研究数据行Meta分析,根据研究间异质性选择固定效应模型或者随机效应模型.采用Egger检验评估发表偏倚.结果 共有6篇病例对照研究纳入分析,包括123 713例患者,其中ICC 4 753例,无瘤对照118 960例.Meta分析结果显示,胆管结石为ICC发病的高危因素(OR:17.64,95％ CI:11.14 ～27.95),除外肝内胆管结石,肝外胆管结石导致的ICC发病风险仍较高(OR:11.79,95％ CI:4.17～ 33.35).此外,胆囊结石也是ICC发病危险因素(OR:2.07,95％ CI:1.17 ～3.67).结论 肝外胆管结石与胆囊结石均为ICC发病的重要危险因素.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术一期缝合与T管引流手术治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术（LCBDE）一期缝合与T 管引流手术治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石（GCBDS）的疗效,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析2015 年4 月～2019 年4 月于我院接受手术治疗的80 例GCBDS 患者临床资料。按照手术方式不同分为A 组与B 组,每组各40 例,两组均接受LCBDE 治疗,A 组术中采用一期缝合,B 组术中使用T 管引流。比较两组围术期情况、结石清除率、胃肠道生活质量指数（GIQLI）及术后并发症。结果 两组术中出血量情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,A 组手术时间、肛门排气时间、住院时间均明显短于B 组,住院费用明显比B 组少,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组结石清除率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组术前、术后3 个月、6 个月时GIQLI 评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,A 组术后1 个月时GIQLI 评分明显高于B 组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论LCBDE 一期缝合与T 管引流手术治疗GCBDS 的疗效相似,均可有效清除结石,但一期缝合操作更简单、术后恢复快,可早期改善患者生活质量,值得应用推广。     

The impact of ursodeoxycholic acid on gallstone disease after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials

BackgroundUrsodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid that has been shown to reduce the formation of gallstones after significant weight loss.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of UDCA on the incidence of gallstones after bariatric surgery.SettingsAn electronic search of PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies (CENTRAL), Scopus (Elsevier) databases, EMBASE, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Web of Science.MethodsA meta-analysis of randomized control trials was performed. The primary outcome was the incidence of gallstones after bariatric surgery. Secondary outcomes included type of operation and time interval to and characteristics associated with gallstone formation.ResultsTen randomized control trials including 2583 patients were included, 1772 patients (68.6%) receiving UDCA and 811 (31.4%) receiving placebo. There was a significant reduction in gallstone formation in patients who received UDCA postoperatively (risk ratio [RR] .36, 95% confidence interval [CI] .22–.41, P < .00001). The overall prevalence of gallstone formation was 24.7% in the control group compared to 7.3% in the UDCA group. A dose of ≤600 mg/day had a significantly reduced risk of gallstone formation compared to the placebo group (risk ratio .35; 95% CI .24–.53; P < .001). The risk reduction was not significant for the higher dose (>600 mg/day) group (risk ratio .30; 95% CI, .09–1.01, P = .05).ConclusionsUDCA significantly reduces the risk of both asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones after bariatric surgery. A dose of 600 mg/day is associated with improved compliance and better outcomes regardless of type of surgery. UDCA should be considered part of a standard postoperative care bundle after bariatric surgery.