CTI和3G技术在120急救指挥中心的应用

介绍了120急救指挥中心的结构、计算机电话一体化和卫星定位系统、地理信息系统以及无线通讯系统的功能，分析了CTI和3G技术在120急救指挥中心的实际应用和取得的成效。     

A combined application of lossless and lossy compression in ECG processing and transmission via GSM-based SMS

Abstract

This paper presents a software-based scheme for reliable and robust Electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression and its efficient transmission using Second Generation (2G) Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) based Short Message Service (SMS). To achieve a firm lossless compression in high standard deviating QRS complex regions and an acceptable lossy compression in the rest of the signal, two different algorithms have been used. The combined compression module is such that it outputs only American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) characters and, hence, SMS service is found to be most suitable for transmitting the compressed signal. At the receiving end, the ECG signal is reconstructed using just the reverse algorithm. The module has been tested to all the 12 leads of different types of ECG signals (healthy and abnormal) collected from the PTB Diagnostic ECG Database. The compression algorithm achieves an average compression ratio of ～22.51, without any major alteration of clinical morphology.     

Increased Radioresistance to Lethal Doses of Gamma Rays in Mice and Rats after Exposure to Microwave Radiation Emitted by a GSM Mobile Phone Simulator

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-irradiation with microwaves on the induction of radioadaptive response. In the 1^st phase of the study, 110 male mice were divided into 8 groups. The animals in these groups were exposed/sham-exposed to microwave, low dose rate gamma or both for 5 days. On day six, the animals were exposed to a lethal dose (LD). In the 2^nd phase, 30 male rats were divided into 2 groups of 15 animals. The 1^st group received microwave exposure. The 2^nd group (controls) received the same LD but there was no treatment before the LD. On day 5, all animals were whole-body irradiated with the LD. Statistically significant differences between the survival rate of the mice only exposed to lethal dose of gamma radiation before irradiation with a lethal dose of gamma radiation with those of the animals pre-exposed to either microwave (p=0.02), low dose rate gamma (p=0.001) or both of these physical adapting doses (p=0.003) were observed. Likewise, a statistically significant difference between survival rates of the rats in control and test groups was observed. Altogether, these experiments showed that exposure to microwave radiation may induce a significant survival adaptive response.     

Electromagnetic fields and the blood-brain barrier

The mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of endothelial cells, linked by tight junctions, and the adjoining pericytes and extracellular matrix. It helps maintain a highly stable extracellular environment necessary for accurate synaptic transmission and protects nervous tissue from injury. An increase in its normally low permeability for hydrophilic and charged molecules could potentially be detrimental. Methods to assess the permeability of the BBB include histological staining for marker molecules in brain sections and measurement of the concentration of marker molecules in blood and brain tissue. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Exposure to levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) that increase brain temperature by more than 1 °C can reversibly increase the permeability of the BBB for macromolecules. The balance of experimental evidence does not support an effect of ‘non-thermal’ radiofrequency fields with microwave and mobile phone frequencies on BBB permeability. Evidence for an effect of the EMF generated by magnetic resonance imaging on permeability is conflicting and conclusions are hampered by potential confounders and simultaneous exposure to different types and frequencies of EMF. The literature on effects of low frequency EMF, which do not cause tissue heating, is sparse and does not yet permit any conclusions on permeability changes. Studies on the potential effect of EMF exposure on permeability of the BBB in humans are virtually absent. Future permeability studies should focus on low frequency effects and effects in humans. Care should be taken to avoid the methodological limitations of earlier studies and to determine the pathophysiological relevance of any changes found.     

Do European GSM Mobile Cellular Phones Pose a Potential Risk to Pacemaker Patients?

BARBARO, V., et al .: Do European GSM Mobile Cellular Phones Pose a Potential Risk to Pacemaker Patients? A series of in vivo trials were carried out in order to verify whether the electromagnetic field radiated by GSM (Groupe Systemes Mobiles) mobile cellular phones might affect implanted pacemakers. Two European GSM phones of 2-watt power were tested and trials conducted on 101 pacemaker implanted outpatients attending day hospital for routine check-up, who volunteered for trials. Forty-three pacemaker models from 11 manufacturers were tested in all. When the sensing threshold of the pacemakers was set at a minimum and the antenna of the phone was in direct contact with the patient's chest, interference was detected for 26 implanted pacemakers. Specifically, pulse inhibition in 10 of 101 cases, ventricular triggering in 9 of 46 DDD-VDD pacemakers, and asynchronous pacing in 4 of 52 devices. Pulse inhibition was also observed combined with asynchronous pacing in 1 of 52 cases and with ventricular triggering in 2 of 46 cases. Minimum effect duration was ca. 3 seconds but in 6 cases effects continued as long as the interfering GSM signal was on. No permanent malfunctioning or changes in the programmed parameters were detected. Whenever interference was detected, trials were repeated to determine the maximum sensing threshold at which interference persisted (with the antenna in contact with the skin over the pacemaker). Then maximum distance between antenna and pacemaker at which interference occurred was determined at pacemaker maximum and minimum sensing threshold. Under our experimental conditions electromagnetic interference effects were detected at a maximum distance of 10 cm with the pacemaker programmed at its minimum sensing threshold. When the phone antenna was in direct contact with patient's skin over the implant, electromagnetic interference effects occurred at maximum ventricular and atrial sensing thresholds of 4 mV and 2.5 mV, respectively.     

Continuous exposure to 900 MHz GSM-modulated EMF alters morphological maturation of neural cells

The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on neuronal phenotype maturation have been studied in two different in vitro models: murine SN56 cholinergic cell line and rat primary cortical neurons. The samples were exposed at a dose of 1 W/kg at 900 MHz GSM modulated. The phenotype analysis was carried out at 48 and 72 h (24 and 48 h of SN56 cell line differentiation) or at 24, 72, 120 h (2, 4 and 6 days in vitro for cortical neurons) of exposure, on live and immunolabeled neurons, and included the morphological study of neurite emission, outgrowth and branching. Moreover, cortical neurons were studied to detect alterations in the expression pattern of cytoskeleton regulating factors, e.g. β-thymosin, and of early genes, e.g. c-Fos and c-Jun through real-time PCR on mRNA extracted after 24 h exposure to EMF. We found that RF-EMF exposure reduced the number of neurites generated by both cell systems, and this alteration correlates to increased expression of β-thymosin mRNA.     

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC,PERSONALITY, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION MEASURES ASSOCIATED WITH FREQUENT MOBILE PHONE USE

The present study employs standardized data acquired from the Brain Resource International Database to study the relationship between mobile phone usage, personality, and brain function (n = 300). Based on the frequency and duration of mobile phone usage, three groups were formed. The findings suggest a subtle slowing of brain activity related to mobile phone use that is not explained by differences in personality. These changes are still within normal physiological ranges. Better executive function in mobile phone users may reflect more focused attention, possibly associated with a cognitive training effect (i.e., frequently making phone calls in distracting places), rather than a direct effect of mobile phone use on cognition.     

通过全球移动通讯系统传输生理数据

介绍一种通过全球移动通讯系统(GSM)移动通讯网络传输生理数据的方法,单片机检测出的人体心率和体温数据,通过串行口发送给GSM数传模块,由GSM数传模块实现基于GSM网络的数据传输,其过程由单片机通过串行口发出的命令字符串控制。这种方法费用少,传输稳定,且传输距离可达到GSM网络能达到的区域。     

基于单片机和GSM的脉搏监护系统

目的:介绍一种基于单片机和GSM的脉搏监护系统。方法:该监护系统是一种利用GSM移动通讯网络中的短信业务而开发的无线远程监护设备。系统首先通过采集电路进行脉搏信号的采集,将检测到脉搏经单片机计算出脉率,利用串口控制GSM模块将超标的脉率数据以短信通讯的形式发送到家属或医生手机。结果:安装该装置后,如果病人突发心脏病,可及时把超标的脉率以GSM短消息形式发送给家属和医生手机,使病人及时得到救护。其具有覆盖范围广、经济、方便等优点。结论:该监护仪的使用将大大减轻病人家属的负担,降低医院的负荷,适用于家庭、别墅式疗养院、医院等。     

Does morphology of carotid plaque depend on patient's oxidative stress?

Objectives

This study explored the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and stability of carotid plaque. We decided to analyze the broad range of parameters describing oxidative stress in patients with carotid stenosis.

Design and methods

124 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were enrolled in the study group. The control group consisted of 49 patients without symptoms of atherosclerosis. The stability of carotid plaques was assessed using GSM (gray-scale median) scoring system and the study group was divided into three subgroups according to echogenicity of the plaque. The following parameters of oxidative stress/DNA damage were analyzed: i) urinary excretion of the products of oxidative DNA damage repair; ii) the background level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in leukocytes' DNA and in atherosclerotic plaques; and iii) the concentrations of antioxidant vitamins, uric acid and C-reactive protein in plasma.

Results

Oxidative stress (described by redox status) was higher in the patient group than in the control group. There is a correlation between oxidative stress of the patients and stability of the plaque, echolucent plaques (GSM < 25) being associated with the highest antioxidant level and lowest excretion of DNA repair markers.

Conclusions

The plaque formation/morphology may depend on local environment and is independent of oxidative stress/inflammation observed on the level of the whole body.