Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician’s assessment of a pet’s risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0–96% for canine influenza, and 0–94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.     

Vaccination inhibits the human adenoviral transduction in a mouse keratoconjunctivitis model

Adenovirus infections are a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), which can lead to corneal subepithelial infiltrates and multifocal corneal opacity. In the current study, we investigated the use of an E1/E3-deleted adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector as a vaccine administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) against subsequent challenges with a luciferase-expressing Ad5 (Ad5-Luci) vector via eyedrop. We evaluated the adaptive immune response to Ad5 vector vaccination and confirmed a robust polyfunctional CD8 T cell response in splenic cells. Neutralizing Ad5 antibodies were also measured in the sera of vaccinated mice as well as Ad5 antibody in the eye wash solutions. Upon challenge with Ad5-Luci vector 8 weeks post the primary immunization, transduction was significantly reduced by > 70% in the vaccinated mice, which was slightly better in IM- vs. that in IN-vaccinated animals. Resistance to subsequent challenge was observed 10 months post primary IM vaccination, with sustained reduction up to 60% in the Ad5-Luci vector transduction. Passive immunization of naive mice with antisera from IM to vaccinated mice subsequently challenged with the Ad5-Luci vector resulted in approximately 40% loss in transduction efficiency. Furthermore, the mice that received IM immunization with or without CD8 T cell depletion showed > 40% and 70% reductions, respectively, in Ad8 genomic copies after Ad8 topical challenge. We conclude that Ad-vector vaccination successfully induced an adaptive immune response that prevented subsequent Ad transduction in the cornea and conjunctiva-associated tissues in a mouse model of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis, and that both cellular and humoral immunity play an important role in preventing Ad transduction.     

白细胞介素-18基因修饰的胎肝细胞经脾移植对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：观察表达mIL-18的重组腺病毒基因修饰的胎肝细胞（AdmIL-18/BNL.CL2)经脾移植对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：实验组小鼠经脾移植AdmIL-18/BNL.CL2，同时设LacZ病毒对照组（Ad-LacZ/BNL.CL2),BNL.CL2细胞对照组及空白对照组。2周后处死，留取血清，制备腹腔巨噬细胞、脾淋巴细胞、肝组织匀浆液，提取肝组织总RNA。采用ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清、腹腔Mφ和脾细胞培养上清、肝匀浆中细胞因子的含量；采用半定量RT－PCR法，检测肝组织细胞因子mRNA相对表达量；以LDH释放法测定腹腔Mφ杀伤活性和脾NK细胞活性，用MTT还原比色法测定脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性。结果：实验组小鼠血清、细胞培养上清及肝匀浆中，IL－18、IL－2、IFN－γ、TNF-α稔均高于其它对照组，而IL－4、IL－10水平则低于对照组；半定量RT－PCR结果与ELISA检测结果一致；同时，实验组腹腔Mφ的杀伤活性和脾NK细胞活性，及脾淋巴细胞增殖活性也明显高于对照组。结论：AdmIL-18能有效转染至胎肝细胞并稳定表达mIL-18;AdmIL-18基因修饰的胎肝细胞经脾移植后，可显著提高肝脏、脾脏免疫细胞活性，活化腹腔Mφ，促进Th1类细胞因子表达，抑制Th2类细胞因子的分泌。     

大鼠MMP-13重组腺病毒载体的构建

目的　构建大鼠MMP1 3重组腺病毒载体。方法　将MMP1 3cDNA目的片段插入腺病毒柯氏质粒中 ,再将此质粒与腺病毒DNA末端蛋白复合物共转染 2 93细胞 ,通过同源重组构建MMP1 3 重组腺病毒载体。结果　MMP1 3 重组腺病毒载体经PCR鉴定正确 ,包装纯化后 ,检测病毒滴度为 4× 1 0 9PFU/ml。结论　成功地构建了RatMMP1 3 重组腺病毒载体 ,为下一步行MMP 1 3转基因治疗低顺应性膀胱的研究提供了条件     

Regulators of Cardiac Cell Growth, Differentiation, and Apoptosis

The pathogenesis of heart hypertrophy and failure have been the focus of intense clinical and basic science investigation, yet the signal transduction pathways and molecular process that underlie the compensatory growth process that ultimately leads to heart failure remain enigmatic. Since ventricular myocytes have exited the cell cycle, growth of the myocardium in response to hemodynamic load occurs by cellular hypertrophy and not by hyperplasia. In this article, we document the potential involvement of tumor suppressor pocket proteins and cell cycle regulators that may impinge on the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cardiac muscle. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人IL-10基因重组复制缺陷型腺病毒DNA的构建

目的 构建人IL-10基因的重组腺病毒并进行体外表达和检测。方法从质粒pcDNA3IL-10的CMV启动子下游完整切下IL-10 cDNA的片段,将其定向插入Gateway载体,在克隆酶的作用下将阳性克隆质粒转入目的腺病毒载体。PacI酶线性化IL-10腺病毒DNA后阳离子质脂体转染293A细胞,获得人IL-10的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒。体外感染人胰腺癌细胞株Bxpc-3和大鼠胰腺细胞株AR-42J;Western blot检测人IL-10的表达。结果 成功地构建人IL-10重组腺病毒,病毒滴度达2×109PFU/mL。体外感染的细胞株均检测到IL-10的表达。结论 构建复制缺陷型重组腺病毒能够介导IL-10的基因表达,为细胞因子的抗炎冶疗奠定实验基础。     

携带人胰岛素样生长因子-1重组腺病毒的构建和鉴定

[目的] 采用 Cre-LoxP同源重组系统构建并鉴定携带人胰岛素样生长因子-1( human insulin-like growth factor-1, hIGF-1)目的基因的复制缺陷重组腺病毒,为椎间盘退变的 hIGF-1基因治疗奠定基础.[方法] PCR合成 hIGF-1基因,用 pMD18-T载体克隆 hIGF-1目的基因,酶切、测序并进行 NCBI BLAST相似性在线分析.将 pMD18-T-hIGF-1和 pDNR-1r质粒分别行 EcoRⅠ和 BamHⅠ双酶切, DNA 连接酶连接双酶切产物,转化感受态大肠杆菌 DH5α,合成中间载体 pDNR-hIGF-1,酶切鉴定.Cre-loxP系统介导 pDNR-hIGF-1和 pInt.AV1.SpaT同源重组形成 pInt.AV1.SpaT-hIGF-1重组表达质粒,行 EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定.复苏 293细胞,将 pInt.AV1.SpaT-hIGF-1和 pInt.B.B质粒在 293细胞内进行同源重组成含 hIGF-1基因的复制缺陷重组腺病毒.倒置显微镜观察 293细胞病变样效应( cytopathogenic effect, CPE);透射电镜观察 293细胞中的病毒颗粒;提取细胞裂解液中病毒 DNA, PCR鉴定 hIGF-1目的基因的存在; Western blot 检测 hIGF-1蛋白表达.用半数组织培养感染量 (tissue culture infectious dose 50,TCID50)方法测定重组腺病毒的滴度.[结果]克隆的 hIGF-1目的基因经 NCBI BLAST相似性在线分析证实与 Homo sapiens IGF-1 (GI:19923111)完全相同.pInt.AV1.SpaT-hIGF-1酶切鉴定,出现 5.4 kb和 1 kb两条片段,与理论值完全相符.转染 293细胞 12～ 14 d后,大部分细胞出现肿胀,脱落等细胞病变样效应.PCR鉴定细胞裂解液中含有 hIGF-1目的基因.Western blot 证实重组腺病毒表达 hIGF-1蛋白.第 2代腺病毒的滴度为 80× 106 PFU/mL.[结论]成功构建出含有 hIGF-1目的基因的复制缺陷重组腺病毒.     

冠脉内导入重组β-半乳糖苷酶腺病毒的实验研究

目的 :研究经冠状动脉内导入重组 β-gal腺病毒后心肌的转染效率 ,证明冠脉内导入途径是否为重组基因导入心脏的有效的可行的途径。方法 :用定向克隆的方法构建重组 β -gal腺病毒载体 ,将 1 .53× 1 0 1 2 pfu重组 β-gal腺病毒经冠状动脉造影导管由左冠状动脉分别导入到 7只雄性Yorkshire猪心脏中 ,于术后 1周、2周、4周及 8周处死动物 ,取左右冠状动脉、3～ 5mm厚的不同部位的心肌及各实质脏器标本 ,经 1 .2 5 %戊二醛固定 2 0min ,用PBS洗涤 3次 ,在室温下用X -gal染液染色 1 6～ 2 4h ,脱水、石蜡包埋、切片及HE复染 ,光镜下计算出表达 β -gal的心肌细胞百分数即为转染效率。结果 :经冠状动脉内导入重组基因后 ,于术后 1周即有 β-gal表达 ,2周达高峰 ,心肌细胞的转染效率高达 45 .57% ,全层左冠状动脉壁、心肌间质中均有 β-gal表达 ,4周 β-gal表达下降 ,8周 β -gal恢复至对照组的基线水平。结论 :经冠状动脉内导入重组腺病毒 ,心肌细胞及冠脉壁重组基因表达效率高 ,说明冠状动脉内导入重组目的基因将是冠心病基因治疗中有效的可行的方法