控制性降压结合急性高容血液稀释在脑膜瘤手术中的应用

目的　观察控制性降压结合急性高容血液稀释 (AHH)对脑膜瘤手术的安全性及减少出血量和术后血红蛋白 (Hb)、红细胞比积 (Hct)的影响。　方法　择期脑膜瘤手术病人 2 0例 ,随机分成控制性降压结合AHH组 (Ⅰ组 ,n =10 )和对照组 (Ⅱ组 ,n =10 ) ,两组均采用气管内全麻。Ⅰ组病人于气管插管后手术开始前完成AHH并进行控制性降压。比较两组病人术中出血量、输血量和术后Hb、Hct变化。　结果　Ⅰ组病人术中平均出血量 (5 44± 92 )ml ,比Ⅱ组病人的 (10 72± 182 )ml减少 49 7% ;Ⅱ组病人平均输血量 (62 0± 112 )ml ,Ⅰ组病人则完全避免输异体血。两组病人术毕均有轻度贫血 ,但仍在安全水平范围内。　结论　控制性降压结合急性高容血液稀释可安全应用于脑膜瘤手术 ,对有指征病人的使用可避免术中输异体血     

Endotracheal involvement from atypical mycobacterium causing respiratory difficulty: Case report and literature review

Atypical mycobacterium infections often present as cervicofacial lymphadenitis in pediatric patients. Endotracheal involvement, however, is rare, and has not been previously described with imaging and photographs.An infant with natural killer T-cell deficiency was admitted with cough, rhinorrhea, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Laryngotracheobronchitis-type symptoms persisted and imaging revealed an intraluminal abnormality of the trachea. Endoscopy confirmed a mediastinal lymph node with intrusion into the tracheal lumen. Intraluminal biopsy was deferred due to concerns of airway loss. Biopsy of the associated cervical lymph node confirmed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. The patient was managed with antibiotics and steroids with clinical resolution of his respiratory symptoms.     

Non-invasive endotracheal delivery of paclitaxel-loaded alginate microparticles

Aerosolized chemotherapeutics leads to higher, localized and continuous concentrations of active agents in lung tissue with lower side effects for other organs. The present study was performed on jugular vein cannulated rats which endothracheally received 4 mg/kg of free paclitaxel powder (Free-PTX), paclitaxel-loaded alginate microparticles (PTX-ALG-MPs) and i.v. paclitaxel (Anzatax^®). Pharmacokinetic parameters for Free-PTX and PTX-ALG-MPs contain higher AUC, mean residence time (MRT),half-life and bioavailability, with lower elimination constant (k_e). Statistical analysis showed that the amount of paclitaxel per gram of lung tissue after 0.5, 6 and 24 h after administration of Free-PTX was lower than PTX-ALG-MPs. Lung tissue AUC for Free-PTX was lower than PTX-ALG-MPs. According to the obvious advantages obtained, such as dose lowering and increasing paclitaxel residence time and half-life. It should be noted that cell cytotoxicity test on normal airway cell lines was not examined in this study but due to previous reports on safety of inhaled paclitaxel, it can be suggested that pulmonary delivery of paclitaxel can be a useful non-invasive route of administration compared with i.v administration.     

Inclined position is associated with improved first pass success and laryngoscopic view in prehospital endotracheal intubations

Purpose

In hospital-based studies, patients intubated by physicians while in an inclined position compared to supine position had a higher rate of first pass success and lower rate of peri-intubation complications. We evaluated the impact of patient positioning on prehospital endotracheal intubation in an EMS system with rapid sequence induction capability. We hypothesized that patients in the inclined position would have a higher first-pass success rate.

院前急救使用气管插管和球囊面罩的效果对比

目的探究在院前心脏停搏患者应用气管插管和球囊辅助呼吸进行急救的效果。方法选自本院2010年²012年进行院前急救的心脏停搏患者共50例,以随机的方式分为对照组与观察组,每组各有患者25例。对照组患者接受气管插管辅助呼吸,观察组患者接受球囊人工通气治疗。对比2组患者的各项临床指标。结果相对于对照组患者,观察组患者在建立通气时间方面有显著优越性,二者对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各项临床指标对比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对心脏停搏患者进行院前急救的时候,应用球囊或者气管插管的急救方法,在临床效果对比方面相似,但是球囊辅助呼吸建立通气的时间要比气管插管短很多。     

Diagnostic utilities of tracheal ultrasound and USB-endoscope for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A cadaver study

Objectives

Confirmation of the endotracheal tube placement (CoETP) has the utmost importance in the management of an airway. Visualization of tracheal rings or carina with a fiber-optical bronchoscope (FOB) has considered to be a reliable method for the CoETP. However, FOB is expensive, time-consuming, and not always practical. Inexpensive endoscopic USB-cameras were shown to aid intubation successfully and reliably. On the other hand, there have been no studies investigating their use for the CoETP. Tracheal ultrasonography (TUS) is also a new, inexpensive and widely available alternative. A cadaver study has planned to evaluate the diagnostic utility of TUS and a USB-camera.

Video laryngoscopy improves the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation among novice physicians

AimTo compare the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation (ETI) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video laryngoscopy (VL) (GlideScope^®) among novice emergency physicians (EPs).MethodsThis study is a historically controlled clinical design. From May 2011 to April 2013 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients were intubated during CPR by novice EPs. CPR data was automatically recorded by pre-installed video and subsequently analysed. The primary outcome was the success rate of the first-attempt at ETI. In addition, time to successful ETI from first-attempt (T-complete), duration of chest compression interruptions, and incidence of oesophageal intubation were compared.ResultsOf 305 patients undergoing ETI, 83 were intubated by novice EPs. The success rate of first-attempt ETI in the VL group (n = 49) was higher than that in the DL group (n = 34, 91.8% vs. 55.9%; p < 0.001). The median T-complete was significantly shorter with VL than with DL (37 [29–55] vs. 62 [56–110] s; p < 0.001). Oesophageal intubation was observed only in the DL group (n = 6, 17.6%). The median duration of chest compression interruptions was greater with DL (7 [3–6] s) than with VL (0 [0–0] s). Improvements in ETI during CPR were observed in the VL group after the first 3 months, but not the DL group during regular use for 1 year.ConclusionsFor novice EPs, the VL could significantly improve the first-attempt success in ETI during CPR while the DL couldn’t improve it.     

舒芬太尼用于高龄患者全麻诱导气管插管的临床研究

目的：观察舒芬太尼用于高龄患者全麻诱导气管插管的临床效果。方法选择ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级,需在气管插管全身麻醉下行四肢手术的高龄（年龄≥80岁）患者45例,随机分三组：舒芬太尼0.15μg/kg 组（ S1组）、舒芬太尼0.25μg/kg组（S2组）及芬太尼2μg/kg组（F组）,每组15例。所有患者均分别记录基础值（T0）、插管前1 min（T1）、插管后1 min（T2）和插管后5 min（T3）的收缩压（SP）、舒张压（DP）和心率（HR）,并计算各时间点 SP 与 HR 的乘积（ RPP）;记录不良反应的发生及药物使用情况。结果三组T1时间点BP和T3时间点SP、S2组T2时间点SP和F组T3时间点DP均显著低于同组T0时间点（P均<0.01）,F组T2时间点DP显著高于同组T0时间点（P<0.05）和S2组同时间点（ P<0.05）,S1组和S2组T1时间点SP、S2组T2时间点BP均显著低于F组同时间点（ P<0.01或0.05）。S1组和F组T2时间点HR均显著大于同组T0时间点（ P均<0.01）和S2组同时间点（ P<0.05）。三组T1、T3时间点RPP均显著小于同组T0时间点（ P<0.01或0.05）。F组T2时间点RPP显著大于同组T0时间点（ P<0.05）和S2组同时间点（P<0.05）。S2组声带活动发生率、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼使用率小于S1组,罗库溴铵、新福林使用率均显著小于S1组和F组（P<0.05）。结论舒芬太尼0.25μg/kg用于高龄患者全麻诱导,不仅能抑制插管反应,减少不良反应,而且能保持插管前后心血管功能稳定和心肌氧供需平稳,安全可行。