Economic appraisal of laser applications in health care. Report of a project

This article reports on the results of a project evaluating effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of laser applications in health care. The literature was collected, emphasizing well-designed clinical trials and cost-effectiveness analyses. Few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been done outside the specialty of ophthalmology. Even fewer cost-effectiveness studies have been done, despite the frequent claims of cost-effectiveness in the medical literature. Review papers were commissioned, and a group of laser experts, economists, and policy-analysts met for 2 days to discuss the policy implications of lasers. The main conclusion from the conference is that inappropriate and unskilled use of lasers is presently the greatest problem with their application in health care.     

妇幼保健院医疗设备配置的思考和探讨

妇幼保健院运营的模式,服务的对象都有别于综合性医院。通过对设备使用效益的调查、分析,提出妇幼保健院医疗设备的配置,应符合本院的特点。配置应遵循:适用性、特色性、经济性、先进性,不可盲目求新、求全,避免设备使用的低效益。     

CT对肝内,外阻塞性黄疸的鉴别诊断价值

笔者通过对３５例阻塞怀黄疸的ＣＴ所见，指出了胆道扩张征象可作为鉴别肝内、阻阻塞性黄疸的可靠指标，再结合临床及ＣＴ的初期征象，可更加提高其鉴别诊断准确率。本文对这些指标的可靠性进行重点讨论。提出了该特点是特别胆道管囊肿的重要指征，即后者的胆道扩张为局部性或节段性。本文对良、恶性病变所致的胆道扩张形态亦进行了对照分析，发现二阻之间无明显性差异。     

Occupational stress management programmes: a practical overview of published effect studies

There are many occupational stress management programmes availablewhich are designed to prevent and cure the negative aspectsof job-stress. The focus of the programmes can be directed towardsthe individual worker, the working group, the organization ofthe work or the organization as a whole. Moreover, programmesshow a considerable variation with respect to the type of interventionsthey promote and their underlying assumptions, as well as theirduration and costs. In this paper, effect studies of occupationalstress programmes published between 1987 and 1994 are reviewed.The aim is to give a practical overview of the variety in occupationalstress programmes, their scope, applicability and the evidenceof their effectiveness. The paper updates the review by DeFrankand Cooper published in 1989.     

人本原理在医院管理中的应用价值

目的:研究人本原理在护理管理中的应用。方法:把人本原理的管理原则、动力原则、行为原则、能级原则应用于护士长的管理中,尊重、关心、帮助和激励护士,人人参与管理。选择2005年上半年住院病人180例作为改革组,应用人本原理管理。2004年下半年住院病人150例作为传统组,用传统方法管理。结果:通过人本原理管理原则的应用,提高了护理质量,各项指标应用后高于应用前(P<0.05或P<0.01),无投诉、无差错事故发生,病人满意度一直在95%以上,护士参与管理意识增强,团队精神加强,护士按期晋升。护士对病人实行人性化服务,为医院赢得了相应的社会效益和经济效益。结论:人本原理应用于护理管理行之有效,值得推广。     

Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Zimbabwe used in response to an outbreak among children and young adults: A matched case control study

BackgroundZimbabwe suffers from regular outbreaks of typhoid fever (TF), worse since 2017. Most cases were in Harare and a vaccination campaign with Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) was conducted in March 2019. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was assessed against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in children six months to 15 years and in individuals six months to 45 years in Harare.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted in three urban suburbs of Harare targeted by the TCV vaccination campaign. Suspected TF cases were enrolled prospectively in four health facilities and were matched to facility (1:1) and community (1:5) controls.FindingsOf 504 suspected cases from July 2019 to March 2020, 148 laboratory-confirmed TF cases and 153 controls confirmed-negative were identified. One hundred and five (47 aged six months to 15 years) cases were age, sex, and residence matched with 105 facility-based controls while 96 cases were matched 1:5 by age, sex, and immediate-neighbour with 229 community controls.The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 75% (95%CI: 1–94, p = 0.049) compared to facility controls, and 84% (95%CI: 57–94, p < 0.001) compared to community controls in individuals six months to 15 years. The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 46% (95%CI: 26–77, p = 0.153) compared to facility controls, and 67% (95%CI: 35–83, p = 0.002) compared to community controls six months to 45 years old.InterpretationThis study confirms that one vaccine dose of TCV is effective to control TF in children between six months and 15 years old in an African setting.     

放疗增敏剂甘氨双唑钠的Ⅱ期临床研究

目的 :按二期临床研究要求观察注射用甘氨双唑钠 (简称CMNa)的有效性和安全性。方法 :采用平行对照、随机分组的设计方法 ,将 2 8例经病理组织学确诊的需接受放射治疗的头颈部、食管和肺部肿瘤患者 ,按 2∶1的比例分设实验组(CMNa +常规放疗 )和对照组 (单纯常规放疗 ) ,观察其有效性和安全性的相关指标。结果 :治疗前后血常规、肝肾功能的实验室检查 ,治疗中和治疗后不良反应、严重程度的观察比较及不良反应率的结果比较。两组均无显著性差异。肿瘤原发灶和转移灶的CR率和CR +PR率两组未见显著性差异。但转移灶达PR时所需的照射剂量明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :安全性与前期研究结果相符 ,在临床推荐剂量内未观察到明显消化道和神经系统等的不良反应 ,有效率未见显著性差异可能与样本数较少有关。据后期汇总的大样本统计显示两组的显著性差异表现在CMNa可提高CR率和总有效率 ,并降低达到CR和PR时的照射剂量     

不同剂量和用药途径对早期妊娠药物流产效果影响的系统评价

目的:用循证医学的方法评价米非司酮配伍米索前列醇不同剂量、不同用药方法终止早孕药物流产的有效性。方法:计算机检索8个数据库、手工检索9种期刊,并追查参考文献,纳入国内外前瞻性临床对照试验,至少由两人独立评估文献质量和资料提取。数据分析采用软件Revman4.2完成。在异质性检验(P=0.05)后,无异质性者采用固定效应模型合并分析;有异质性者则分析异质性原因,并用敏感性分析、亚组分析或随机效应模型处理。结果:米非司酮<150mg组与150～200mg组的完全流产率、流产失败率和孕囊排除时间的差异均无统计学意义;米索前列醇口服组完全流产率低于阴道用药组,不完全流产率和流产失败率高于阴道用药组。结论:进一步减少米非司酮量(150mg)可能可行,需要深入研究米非司酮最低有效剂量。米索前列醇口服比阴道用药流产效果稍差,但口服用药更方便。     

南通市城乡居民恶性肿瘤健康教育效果评价

目的了解南通地区城乡居民恶性肿瘤健康教育干预效果。方法将恶性肿瘤发病率相似的海安县与如东县分别作为干预组和对照组,对两县(均衡抽取22个乡镇、53个行政村)常住居民中15岁以上的城乡居民恶性肿瘤知信行情况进行入户问卷调查。男性9750人,占48.4%,女性10389人,占51.6%,平均年龄(58.2±8.3)岁,两组间性别、年龄构成无显著差异,P>0.05。在基线调查的基础上,采用行政干预、社区干预、传媒干预、行为干预、心理干预、综合干预的方法对干预组实施为期3年的恶性肿瘤健康教育干预,干预后以与基线调查相同的方法再次进行入户问卷调查。结果除了对吸烟、饮酒这一行为改变效果不显著外,干预组对恶性肿瘤的知识、信念、行为的正确率与对照组相比,差异性非常显著,(P<0.01,相关知识知晓率由原来的64.3%上升到87.1%,信念态度正确率由原来的64.1%上升到84.3%,健康行为形成率由原来的63.5%上升到74.4%。结论对城乡居民开展恶性肿瘤知信行健康教育干预,可增加其预防恶性肿瘤的知识,建立良好的行为习惯和健康的生活方式,是降低恶性肿瘤发病最有效的途径之一。     

广西实施消灭脊髓灰质炎策略的成本效益分析

目的：评价广西消灭脊髓灰质炎实施策略的成本投入和产出的效益，为维护无脊髓类质炎状态以及控制、消除其它传染病和慢性非传染性疾病提供依据。方法：采用经济效益分析方法，对广西1991年实施消灭脊灰策略后所取得效果同之前进行对比，结果：广西消灭脊灰灰策略总共避免了脊灰发病19768例，避免死亡l955例，避免残疾21723例，产出效益44．43亿元，项目总投入2．153亿元，BCR为1：20．64，按照各年银行利率贴现后的BCR为1：22．38。结论：消灭脊灰策略所取得的经济效益显著，可以应用于控制麻疹等其它传染病和慢性非传染性疾病的控制。