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We present in this paper a connectionist model that extracts interaural intensity differences (IID) from head-related transfer
functions (HRTF) in the form of spectral cues to localize broadband high-frequency auditory stimuli, in both azimuth and elevation.
A novel discriminative matching measure (DMM) is defined and optimized to characterize matching this IID spectrum. The optimal
DMM approach and a novel backpropagation-based fuzzy model of localization are shown to be capable of localizing sources in
azimuth, using only spectral IID cues. The fuzzy neural network model is extended to include localization in elevation. The
use of training data with additive noise provides robustness to input errors. Outputs are modeled as two-dimensional Gaussians
that act as membership functions for the fuzzy sets of sound locations. Error back-propagation is used to train the network
to correlate input patterns and the desired output patterns. The fuzzy outputs are used to estimate the location of the source
by detecting Gaussians using the max-energy paradigm. The proposed model shows that HRTF-based spectral IID patterns can provide
sufficient information for extracting localization cues using a connectionist paradigm. Successful recognition in the presence
of additive noise in the inputs indicates that the computational framework of this model is robust to errors made in estimating
the IID patterns. The localization errors for such noisy patterns at various elevations and azimuths are compared and found
to be within limits of localization blurs observed in humans. 相似文献
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Two centuries of clinical observations have suggested that conversion symptoms are associated with strong emotions or situations that threaten the individual's physical or psychological integrity. This study tested the hypothesis that childhood conversion reactions reflect the motor-sensory components of two distinct emotional responses (one inhibitory, one excitatory) that develop as adaptations to recurring threats within intimate relationships.Method
Emotional responses to interpersonal threats were assessed in 28 children with conversion disorders using Dynamic-Maturational-Model (DMM) assessments of attachment. Attachment strategies (the inhibitory, Type A; the balanced, Type B; and the excitatory, Type C) provide information about (1) the child's behavioural (motor-sensory) organization in the face of interpersonal threats, and (2) the information processing that underpins this behavioural organization.Results
Twelve children (43%) used an inhibitory attachment strategy. Twelve (43%) used an excitatory attachment strategy. A smaller group (14%) alternated between inhibitory and excitatory strategies, their conversion symptoms reflecting the latter.Discussion
These data suggest that conversion reactions are not a single clinical entity and reflect the motor-sensory components of two distinct human emotional responses to threat. This distinction may help to account for the broad range of conversion symptoms seen in clinical practice, both those that involve loss of function and can be explained by a central inhibition hypothesis and those that involve positive symptoms and secondary gain. 相似文献3.
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AbstractThis study investigated the influence of autophagy on the expression of Collagen type II and light chain 3 (LC-3) in the articular cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) models. The expression of OA associated biomarkers namely Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-13), NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) induced by destabilizing the medial meniscus operation (DMM) were also investigated. A total of 60 C57BL/6 mice were divided into (1) control; (2) DMM2; (3) DMM8; (4) rapamycin 2?weeks; and (5) rapamycin 8?weeks groups. Saffranin O-Fast green staining, histomorphometry and immunohistochemical methods were used for analysis. In the DMM group, the expression of the OA biomarkers MMP-13, NLRP3 significantly increased, whilst Collagen II and LC-3B levels were significantly lower than other experimental groups. We hypothesized that NLRP3 inhibits autophagy activation and delays disease progression. 相似文献
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This study evaluates a major metabolite of misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, for its potential to induce peripheral nerve damage using the lysosomal enzyme correlates of neuropathological change, namely beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase. The results showed that desmethylmisonidazole like misonidazole had a similar potential for inducing peripheral nerve damage as measured biochemically, but the dosing regimen had to be maintained for 10 consecutive days as opposed to the 7 days required for misonidazole. 相似文献