The effect of immediate postpartum levonorgestrel contraceptive implant use on breastfeeding and infant growth: a randomized controlled trial

Objective

This study assessed whether immediate postpartum insertion of levonorgestrel contraceptive implants is associated with a difference in infant growth from birth to 6 months, onset of lactogenesis, or breastfeeding continuation at 3 and 6 months postpartum compared to delayed insertion at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum.

Mifepristone in Italy: the case of a drug trapped between ethics and clinical practice

In Italy mifepristone is not yet marketed. Gynaecologists in our hospital asked to use this medication as a less traumatic method for voluntary abortions. We followed the standard procedure defined by the Italian Health Ministry (IMH) for purchasing drugs from abroad but encountered several unexpected barriers. Starting from this case, this paper is aimed at identifying these barriers which we found to be not only professional, but also ethical, religious and moral.     

重庆城乡育龄妇女中介生育率变量研究

影响妇女生育率的直接因素,如妇女已婚比、避孕及人工流产等的定量分析是卫生人口统计分析中的重要内容。本文应用美国人口学者Bongaarts提出的中介生育率变量模型就重庆城乡妇女生育率直接影响因素作一定量研究     

已婚育龄妇女避孕措施变化趋势分析

目的:了解已婚育龄妇女避孕措施的变化趋势,为指导计划生育服务工作提供科学依据。方法:收集1983~2005年苏州市已婚育龄妇女避孕方法的资料,并用统计软件对其变化趋势进行了分析。结果:已婚育龄妇女节育率在88.38%~92.94%范围波动,长效避孕措施现用率从75.19%下降至71.27%,而短效避孕措施从12.86%上升至17.11%。宫内节育器的现用率从50.09%上升到66.50%;避孕套从1.94%上升到14.21%;其他避孕方法的现用率均呈下降趋势,其中女性绝育现用率从24.42%下降到4.50%。结论:节育率维持在较高水平;长效避孕措施现用率下降而短效避孕措施现用率上升;避孕方法使用趋于多样化,需要提供满足个性化需求的指导和服务。     

参加新婚教育人群对紧急避孕的知识、态度和实践

为探讨新婚前后人群对避孕方法(特别是紧急避孕方法)的知识、态度和使用以及新婚前后人群对紧急避孕的需求及对推广EC的意愿的建议。采用描述性流行病学研究方法,以郑州市新婚学校为研究现场,直接收集第一手数据。采用EPI INF6.04软件包,和SPSS7.5 FOR WINDOW95软件包,进行数据处理、统计与分析。统计分析的主要指标有:频数分布,单因素分析,logistic多元回归分析等。结果平均年龄26.41岁,女性占49.4％。在第一次同房时,仅有46.4％的人使用过避孕方法。第一次同房时最常用的避孕方法是避孕套(76.1％)。在女性应答者中,25岁以下开始同房者占76.6％,有9.3％的人有过人工流产史。88.2％的人每周有1～6次同房。有43.2％的人听说过EC方法,有35.9％的人听说过紧急避孕片,有29.9％的人知道使用EC片有时间限制,有24.7％的人听说过上环可作为紧急避孕方法,有17.4％的人知道上环紧急避孕方法有时间限制。仅有12.9％的人使用过某种事后避孕方法,其中有事后3天内使用者占82.0％。92.6％的人赞成开展EC教育。73.7％的人认为,应在未婚青少年中开展EC教育。80.7％的人认为,在本单位进行EC教育是可行的。应答者认为,最易的接受的EC教育形式依次为:阅读材料(40.4％),录相(20.6％)和讲课(15.7％)。认为EC的最可靠的信息来源     

Reproductive tract immune cells from pregnant women or those using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate show no excess susceptibility to HIV-1: Results of an ex vivo fusion assay

IntroductionEx vivo fusion assays offer an efficient method for studying HIV-1 entry associated with contraceptive use and pregnancy outside of cohort studies of HIV-1 incidence.MethodsWe measured ex vivo HIV-1 fusion to cervical or endometrial immune cells from three groups of women: pregnant, non-pregnant not using hormonal or intrauterine contraception, and using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).Results and conclusionsThere was no excess susceptibility to HIV-1 fusion of cells from pregnant women or DMPA users compared to controls. Although the number of target cells in endometrium was higher in DMPA users compared to controls, HIV-1 fusion was lower.ImplicationsIn ex vivo assays, HIV-1 showed no enhanced fusion to cervical immune cells from pregnant women or DMPA users compared to controls, and lower fusion to endometrial immune cells from DMPA users. This assay is useful for studying hormonal and contraceptive effects on HIV-1 entry into reproductive tract immune cells.