双腔气囊小肠镜对小肠炎症性疾病相关狭窄的治疗

目的：探讨双腔气囊小肠镜的内镜下球囊扩张(endoscopic balloon dilation,EBD)和狭窄切开(endoscopic stricturotomy with needle knife,NKSt)对于小肠炎症性疾病相关狭窄治疗的安全性及有效性。方法：收集2015年7月至 2018年9月在中南大学湘雅三医院行双腔气囊小肠镜狭窄治疗的患者14例,病变部位16处,内镜下干预16次(EBD 11次 和NKSt 5次)。术后定期随访,观察患者的临床症状缓解和复发情况,以及是否能替代外科手术。结果：14例患者均 成功行内镜治疗,操作成功率100%,未发生穿孔、大出血等严重并发症。EBD和NKSt患者分别在随访5.9~35.3(中位 数26.1)个月及1.6~17.8(中位数8.3)个月内梗阻症状得到有效缓解,其中2例患者随访期间出现再次梗阻,予以保守对 症处理后缓解,未行外科手术干预。结论：小肠镜下治疗(EBD和NKSt)对小肠炎症性疾病狭窄安全有效,可以推迟 外科手术时间。     

Capsule endoscopy: past,present, and future

A capsule endoscope is a swallowable wireless miniature camera for getting images of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. The initial capsule endoscope model was developed by Given Imaging and approved in Western countries in 2001. Before the introduction of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon endoscopy (DBE), there was no effective modality for the evaluation and management of patients with obscure GI bleeding. Obscure GI bleeding is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial or primary endoscopy (colonoscopy or upper endoscopy) result. The first capsule endoscope model, which is now regarded as a first-line tool for the detection of abnormalities of the small bowel, was the PillCam SB. It was approved in Japan in April 2007. The main indication for use of the PillCam SB is obscure GI bleeding. Almost the only complication of CE is capsule retention, which is the capsule remaining in the digestive tract for a minimum of 2 weeks. A retained capsule can be retrieved by DBE. There are some limitations of CE in that it cannot be used to obtain a biopsy specimen or for endoscopic treatment. However, the combination of a PillCam SB and DBE seems to be the best strategy for management of obscure GI bleeding. Recently, several new types of capsule endoscope have been developed, such as Olympus CE for the small bowel, PillCam ESO for investigation of esophageal diseases, and PillCam COLON for detection of colonic neoplasias. In the near future, CE is expected to have a positive impact on many aspects of GI disease evaluation and management.     

Enteroscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy are new methods of enteroscopy that have been introduced in recent years. Wireless capsule endoscopy is an epoch-making examination method that makes possible an endoscopic imaging examination of the entire small intestine without discomfort and without confining patients to a medical facility. Although it is expected to be useful as an initial examination for finding diseases of the small intestine, it cannot be used for biopsy or treatment. One risk associated with the capsule endoscopy technique is entrapment by strictures. Double-balloon endoscopy is based on a new insertion technique in which two balloons, one at the distal end of the endoscope and the other at the distal end of an overtube, are operated in combination, and the endoscope is inserted while simultaneously shortening the intestine. It can be inserted through either the mouth or the anus, allowing the observation of the entire gastrointestinal tract. It features excellent maneuverability even in the distal small intestine, and enables back-and-forth observation, biopsy, and endoscopic treatment at any given site. These two new enteroscopy techniques are expected to lead to innovations in how diseases of the small intestine are approached.     

A prospective, single-blind trial comparing wireless capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) are new methods enabling diagnostic endoscopy of the entire small intestine. However, which of the two is superior is unclear. We therefore prospectively compared the clinical efficacy of CE and DBE. METHODS: We prospectively examined 32 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. CE preceded DBE by 1-7 days, and all patients underwent DBE twice, by antegrade and retrograde approaches, to evaluate the entire small intestine. Physicians evaluating the results of CE and DBE were blind to the results of the other method. We evaluated diagnosis, diagnostic yield of the two methods, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: CE revealed abnormal findings in 29 (90.6%) of 32 patients. CE definitively or probably detected the sources of bleeding in 23 (71.9%) of the 32 patients, including angioectasias (eight), erosions (seven), ulcers (five), tumor (one), and hemorrhagic polyps (two). DBE definitely or probably detected the sources of bleeding in 21 (65.6%) of the 32 patients, including angioectasias (seven), erosions (four), ulcers (five), tumor (one), hemorrhagic polyps (two) and diverticula (two). CE yielded more abnormal findings than DBE (CE 90.6%, DBE 65.6%) (P = 0.032), although there were no significant differences in diagnostic yield between the methods. We were able to perform additional treatment or biopsy with DBE in 13 patients, including coagulation therapy (ten), endoscopic mucosal resection (one), biopsy (seven), and extraction of retained CE (two). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the superiority of CE in detecting abnormal lesions, and the superiority of DBE in endoscopic management.     

COOK双球囊在有剖宫产史中孕引产中的应用

目的比较剖宫产术后两种引产方法的有效性、安全性。方法分析比较有剖宫产史中孕引产2种方法"双球囊+利凡诺羊膜腔注射引产术(观察组,30例)、米非司酮+利凡诺羊膜腔注射引产术(对照组,28例)"在引产时间(用药到分娩时间)、阴道出血量、胎盘胎膜残留率及软产道损伤等方面的差异。结果对照组和观察组患者的胎盘、胎膜残留率分别为35.7%、37.0%,两组患者差异不显著,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组和观察纽患者的阴道出血量分别为(195±80)mL、(178±57)mL,软产道裂伤率分别为14.2%、0,两组患者差异显著具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论有剖宫产史中期妊娠利凡诺羊膜腔注射引产及在此基础上联合COOK双球囊方法安全、有效、可行。     

COOK双球囊促宫颈成熟的临床研究

目的探讨COOK双球囊促宫颈成熟有效性及安全性。方法选择成都市妇女儿童中心医院2013年1~10月有医学引产指征,宫颈Bishop评分≤5分的孕妇160例,同等条件下自愿选择COOK双球囊引产的80例为观察组,选择缩宫素引产的80例为对照组。回顾性分析两组引产方式促宫颈成熟效果及安全性。结果观察组放置球囊12 h后宫颈评分、阴道分娩率高于对照组(P0.05);剖宫产率低于对照组(P0.05);两组产后出血量、新生儿窒息发生率、新生儿评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论COOK双球囊促宫颈成熟用于引产安全有效,值得临床推广。     

Management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: Comparison of guidelines between Japan and other countries

Small-bowel bleeding accounts for the majority of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, but it is caused by various types of small bowel disease, upper gastrointestinal disease, and colorectal disease. For the diagnosis, history taking and physical examination are required, leading to a determination of what diseases are involved. Next, cross-sectional imaging, such as computed tomography, should be carried out, followed by the latest enteroscopy such as small bowel capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy according to the severity of hemorrhage and patient condition. After a comprehensive diagnosis, medical, enteroscopic, or surgical treatment should be selected. This article reviews recent advances in the endoscopic diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and compares perspectives of the management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in Japan with that in other countries.