ONRAB® oral rabies vaccine is shed from,but does not persist in,captive mammals

ONRAB® is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine developed to control rabies in wildlife. To support licensing and widespread use of the vaccine, safety studies are needed to assess its potential residual impact on wildlife populations. We examined the persistence of the ONRAB® vaccine virus in captive rabies vector and non-target mammals. This research complements work on important rabies vector species (raccoon, striped skunk, and red fox) but also adds to previous findings with the addition of some non-target species (Virginia opossum, Norway rats, and cotton rats) and a prolonged period of post vaccination monitoring (41 days). Animals were directly inoculated orally with the vaccine and vaccine shedding was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR applied to oral and rectal swabs. ONRAB® DNA was detected in both oral and rectal swabs from 6 h to 3 days post-inoculation in most animals, followed by a resurgence of shedding between days 17 and 34 in some species. Overall, the duration over which ONRAB® DNA was detectable was shorter for non-target mammals, and by day 41, no animal had detectable DNA in either oral or rectal swabs. All target species, as well as cotton rats and laboratory-bred Norway rats, developed robust humoral immune responses as measured by competitive ELISA, with all individuals being seropositive at day 31. Similarly, opossums showed good response (89% seropositive; 8/9), whereas only one of nine wild caught Norway rats was seropositive at day 31. These results support findings of other safety studies suggesting that ONRAB® does not persist in vector and non-target mammals exposed to the vaccine. As such, we interpret these data to reflect a low risk of adverse effects to wild populations following distribution of ONRAB® to control sylvatic rabies.     

贝奥雄性抗生育剂在鼠类控制中的作用研究

目的 探讨贝奥雄性不育剂对鼠类抗生育和控制鼠类种群数量的作用，探讨雄性不育剂控制鼠类效果的评价方法。方法 实验室采用常规毒饵适口性实验方法观察适口性，现场选择在农田、农户环境，于4次投放毒饵后检查鼠类对贝奥雄性不育剂的消耗水平，用贝奥雄性不育剂处理后3个月和6个月测定鼠密度，解剖观察成年鼠生殖能力(怀孕率、雄鼠精子存活)，测量成幼年鼠的比例。结果 (1)贝奥雄性不育剂在实验室条件下，对SD大白鼠的摄食系数为0．45。(2)现场鼠类对贝奥雄性不育剂有较好的取食偏好，室外鼠对饵剂拖食率为30．00％，室内鼠对饵剂拖食率为40．67％。(3)投放贝奥雄性不育剂后，3个月和6个月的鼠密度与自然对照区比较，相关密度指数(RPI)值为38．44、36．44；与采用抗凝血杀鼠剂处理区比较，RPI值为51．06、63．39。(4)抗生育药物处理后，对鼠类生殖功能有比较明显的影响，实验区、抗凝血杀鼠剂、自然对照区3组黑线姬鼠(雌雄个体)有生殖功能率分别达到0、22．00％、27．78％。(5)3组所捕获鼠类年龄结构上亦有一定区别。结论 初步研究证明，贝奥雄性不育剂具有良好的适口性，有实际应用价值，在肾综合征出血热地区应用半年后，与自然对照和常规的抗凝血杀鼠剂比较，在控制种群数量上体现出其特有的价值，所制定的雄性不育剂控制鼠类效果评价的方法在实际应用中具有一定的可操作性。     

必扑杀蟑饵剂连锁灭蟑效果观察

目的 观察连锁杀蟑饵剂在不同条件下的连锁灭蟑效果，并探讨其应用前景。方法 参照国标测试饵剂药效方法。利用试虫的“有毒”粪便、“有毒”虫尸，作为下一步实验试虫的食物，分别测试若虫、成虫的连锁实验，并测试有、无外源食物竞争情况下的连锁作用。结果 必扑杀蟑饵剂药效达到国标B级标准，在无外源食物竞争情况下，对若虫、成虫显示出良好连续杀灭效果，但若有外源食物竞争，则这一效果明显下降。结论 连锁杀蟑饵剂有连锁灭蟑效果。     

一种新型土栖白蚁毒饵管应用技术的研究

目的：开发使用方便的土栖白蚁毒饵应用技术；方法：将毒饵装在特制的塑料管内，然后将毒饵管插入土中诱杀白蚁；结果：毒饵管应用1—2个月土栖白蚁巢群死亡；结论：毒饵管可有效用于土栖白蚁的防治。     

DNA修复蛋白Ku70酵母双杂交诱饵载体的构建及自激活检测

目的构建Ku70蛋白酵母双杂交诱饵载体,为研究Ku70及其相互作用蛋白在乳腺癌中的作用机制奠定基础。方法采用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法从人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株扩增出Ku70cDNA全长片段,用SalI和EcoRI双酶切Ku70cDNA片段后定向克隆到真核细胞表达载体pGBKT7,获得诱饵质粒pGBKT7-Ku70,经限制性内切酶酶切和测序鉴定后转化到酵母菌株AHl09,在营养缺陷培养基中观察pGBKT7-KuT0的自激活作用,同时利用蛋白质免疫印迹检测诱饵蛋白Ku70的表达。结果Ku70cDNA正确克隆到载体pGBKT,转化到酵母菌株AHl09中的诱饵载体pGBKT7-KuT0经表型筛选证实无自激活作用,蛋白质免疫印迹检测显示pGBKT7-KuT0在酵母细胞中稳定表达诱饵蛋白Ku70。结论成功构建了Ku70蛋白酵母双杂交诱饵载体,并且在酵母菌株AHl09中稳定表达。     

Feasibility and efficacy of oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in endangered Ethiopian wolves

Diseases are a major cause of population declines in endangered populations of several canid species. Parenteral vaccination efforts to protect Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) from rabies have targeted the domestic dog reservoir, or the wolves themselves in response to confirmed outbreaks. Oral vaccination offers a more cost-efficient, safe and proactive approach to protect Ethiopian wolves and other threatened canids from rabies. Field trials of the oral vaccine Rabigen® SAG2Dog were undertaken in the Bale Mountains of southeastern Ethiopia. Four different bait types and three delivery methods were tested in twelve Ethiopian wolf packs, and the oral vaccine (using the preferred bait) was trialled in three packs. Vaccine uptake and immunization rates were measured through direct observations and in live-trapped animals through the assessment of biomarker levels and serological status. Commercial baits were never taken by wolves; goat meat baits had the highest uptake, compared to rodent and intestine baits. Targeted delivery from horseback and nocturnal delivery within a pack’s territory performed favourably compared to random bait distribution. Bait uptake by non-target species was lowest during the nocturnal blind distribution. Of 21 wolves trapped after vaccination, 14 were positive for the biomarker iophenoxic acid (i.e. ingested the bait and most likely pierced the sachet with the vaccine). Of these, 86% (n = 12/14) had levels considered sufficient to provide protective immunity to wildlife (⩾0.20 IU/ml), and 50% (n = 7/14) demonstrated antibody titres above the universally recognised threshold (⩾0.5 IU/ml) -the baseline average was 0.09 IU/ml (n = 12 wolves). All but one of the wolves vaccinated in 2014 were alive 14 months later. Our trials confirm the potential for SAG2, delivered in a goat meat bait, to effectively protect Ethiopian wolves against rabies, supporting the initiative for a more efficient and proactive approach to manage and eventually eliminate rabies in Ethiopian wolf populations.     

Nectar protein content and attractiveness to Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens in plants with nectar/insect associations

We chose five easily propagated garden plants previously shown to be attractive to mosquitoes, ants or other insects and tested them for attractiveness to Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti. Long term imbibition was tested by survival on each plant species. Both mosquito species survived best on Impatiens walleriana, the common garden impatiens, followed by Asclepias curassavica, Campsis radicans and Passiflora edulis, which sponsored survival as well as the 10% sucrose control. Immediate preference for imbibition was tested with nectar dyed in situ on each plant. In addition, competition studies were performed with one dyed plant species in the presence of five undyed plant species to simulate a garden setting. In both preference studies I. walleriana proved superior. Nectar from all plants was then screened for nectar protein content by SDS–PAGE, with great variability being found between species, but with I. walleriana producing the highest levels. The data suggest that I. walleriana may have value as a model plant for subsequent studies exploring nectar delivery of transgenic mosquitocidal proteins.     

化学引诱剂诱捕按蚊成蚊的试验室研究

笔者应用五面而入目的捕蚊陷井,研究了化学引诱剂四甲基苯酚、辛醇、三丙基苯酚、丙酮和二氧化碳在试验室内诱捕冈比亚按蚊的效果。丙酮和低剂量的辛醇(0.025mg/h)有一定的诱蚊作用,其诱蚊效果低于二氧化碳。丙酮对二氧化碳有明显的增效作用,它们的混合物比单独使用二氧化碳的诱蚊效增加1倍。     

城市创建无鼠害考核方法的研究

本文报道采用鼠夹法、粉迹法及拖食法,对上海城市鼠密度进行了调查分析。结果观察到,在以黄胸鼠为主的地区,粉迹法测定鼠密度较稳定,拖食法次之,鼠夹法变化大。在以小家鼠为主的地区,粉迹法与鼠夹法的差别不明显。因此,测定城市室内鼠密度使用的监测与考核方法,应考虑鼠种及鼠的行为特点。     

Field evaluation of candidate baits for oral delivery of BCG vaccine to European badgers,Meles meles

The control of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in the UK and Ireland is compromised by transmission of Mycobacterium bovis to cattle from the European badger (Meles meles), which acts as a wildlife reservoir. Vaccination of badgers could potentially contribute to TB control but the only licensed vaccine is injectable BadgerBCG which requires the live-capture of badgers. Current research is aimed at developing an oral TB vaccine (where vaccine is contained within bait) that is intended to be more cost-effective to deploy over large areas. In order to identify a lead product, candidate baits identified from captive badger studies were evaluated in three successive bait screening studies with wild badgers. A fourth field study, using the lead candidate bait and biomarkers, investigated the effectiveness of different carriers for their potential to deliver liquid payloads (vaccine surrogate). In each field study, bait disappearance was monitored daily for ten days and remote video surveillance was used to determine preference (i.e. the order in which baits were taken). In the carrier study, biomarkers were used to determine what proportion of subsequently trapped badgers had ingested the bait and the vaccine-carrier biomarker payload. Across all four studies, 79% (3397/4330) of baits were taken by badgers although the number varied significantly by badger social group and bait type. In all studies, bait disappearance increased over time, with 75–100% of baits being taken by day ten. In the carrier study, 75% (9/12) of trapped badgers tested positive for at least one of the biomarkers and the type of carrier did not influence bait attractiveness. Together with data from complementary laboratory and captive animal studies, this study identified a highly attractive and palatable bait (peanut-based paste bait; PT) and vaccine-carrier (hydrogenated peanut oil; HPO) combination with the potential to deliver a liquid vaccine to wild badgers.