氨茶碱伍用纳洛酮治疗早产儿原发性呼吸暂停疗效观察(附46例临床报告)

目的观察氨茶碱伍用纳洛酮治疗早产儿原发性呼吸暂停的临床疗效。方法将112例早产儿随机分为两组,对照组(66例)和观察组(46例),对照组及观察组均应用氨茶碱治疗呼吸暂停,观察组加用纳洛酮,首次按0.1mg/kg静脉侧入,继之以0.1mg/kg,以0.03～0.05mg/(kg·h)速度静脉泵入,连用3d。比较两组原发性呼吸暂停的时间和发生次数、心率、经皮血氧饱和度等的差异。结果两组呼吸暂停次数为(1.6±0.9)次/dvs(3.0±1.7)次/d及日均积分(1.7±1.3)分vs(3.6±2.4)分,观察组均明显减少,P<0.001和P<0.05;呼吸暂停的时间(18.6±3.5)svs(20.2±3.9)s,观察组明显缩短;SpO2(81.0±10.6)%vs(75.4±8.9)%及心率(91.2±12.6)次/minvs(84.6±14.3)次/min,观察组下降程度明显减轻(P<0.05)。治疗组总有效率明显优于对照组(χ2=8.47,P<0.01)。结论氨茶碱伍用纳洛酮治疗早产儿原发性呼吸暂停疗效显著。     

Adenoid hypertrophy presenting with systemic hypertension

A two and half year old male child was seen with systemic hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral regurgitation and congestive cardiac failure. Examination revealed adenoid hypertrophy. He was also suffering from obstructive sleep apnea. He was being treated with anti-hypertensive and anti-failure drugs. Adenoidectomy was performed following which obstructive sleep apnea symptoms disappeared and his cardiac status improved markedly. Subsequently he was weaned off anti-hypertensive and anti-failure therapy.     

Effects of ethmoidal nerve stimulation on respiration-related neurones in the dorsal medulla of the cat

Stimulation of the nasal mucosa produces a number of respiratory reflexes the afferent limb of which is provided by the ethmoidal nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve. In the cat this nerve terminates within the trigeminal nucleus. It has no direct projection to brainstem respiratory centres. This study examines the response of respiratory-related neurones in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to ethmoidal stimulation. It demonstrates that these neurones show both excitatory and inhibitory responses to ethmoidal stimulation. Thus, the NTS appears to be involved in respiratory reflexes initiated by stimulation of the nasal mucosa.     

Methods of leaks detection under therapy with continuous positive airway pressure

To assess the performance of continuous positive airway pressure devices in treatment of sleep breathing disorders during polysomnographic studies, analysis are based essentially on the patient airflow signal measured by a pneumotachograph and the mask pressure. These signals used either by the softwares or the physicians provide powerful information on respiratory events occurring during the night. However, sometimes signals are artifacted by airflow leaks at the mask or the mouth. These artifacts are causes of information loss and then of possible wrong interpretations. We studied the relationship between airflow and mask pressure at the occurrence of leaks. We used analogy with electrical models and Kirchoff laws to estimate mask leaks and to detect mouth breathing. A Starling model connected to a flow generator simulated respiratory movements. A positive pressure was maintained in the model and artificial leaks comparable to mask leaks were provoked. Then, we replaced the Starling model and the flow generator by two healthy volunteers. We computed mask leaks in both conditions and found no contradiction between the simulated model and the subjects. Equations of the analog circuit were helpful to assess mask leaks and to detect mouth breathing. Such equations could be included in polysomnographs or in pressure generator algorithms either for detecting leaks or adjusting airway pressure.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的性别对比研究

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的多导睡眠图(PSG)特点及性别.方法对比分析了277例不同性别儿童的OSAHS的性别年龄比较研究、身高体重及多导睡眠图.结果OSAHS患者,其年龄比例;睡眠时间男(6.80±1.33)h,女(7.08±1.12)h;非快速眼动睡眠潜伏期男(19.87±19.15)min,女(16.62±13.73)min;快速眼动睡眠潜伏期男(1.73±1.10)h,女(1.50±0.78)h;睡眠觉醒次数男(25.68±14.54)次/h,女(23.18±13.44)次/h;最长呼吸暂停时间男(74±77)秒,女(67±43)秒;呼吸暂停及低通气次数男(80.1±112.7)次/h,女(77.9±101.6)次/h;最低血氧男(72.63±16.66)%,女(73.62±11.98)%;平均血氧男(94.42±2.75)%,女(94.02±2.39)%;以及OS-AHS程度等均差异无显著性(p>0.05).结论OSAHS儿童患者性别、各年龄段、体重指数以及PSG检查结果具有一致性,临床上不需区别对待.     

吉林省脑死亡判定自主呼吸激发试验的实施率和完成率分析

目的通过分析脑死亡判定自主呼吸激发试验（AT）的质控指标,探讨改进策略,提高AT的实施率和完成率。方法收集吉林省脑损伤质控中心2017年-2020年脑死亡判定病例相关资料,依据标准进行AT技术质控,分析AT实施率和完成率情况。结果AT实施率由2017年的4.3%提升至2020年的83.5%;完成率由2017年的66.7%提升至2020年的96.1%。实施AT后可出现严重酸中毒、低血压、低血氧、低血钾等风险,未实施AT和未完成AT的原因主要为血压、心率、血氧不稳定。结论通过医师间、医护间的技术合作,有利于提升实施AT的安全性。为进一步提升AT实施率和完成率,建议制定出现AT相关心跳骤停情况的不苛责机制,健全AT相关培训及考核制度。     

呼吸机持续气道正压通气联合枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿呼吸暂停给药时间与临床疗效的关系

目的:观察呼吸机持续气道正压通气支持下的不同枸橼酸咖啡因给药时间对早产儿呼吸暂停(AOP)疗效的影响。方法:选取91例出生胎龄<32周的原发性呼吸暂停患儿,按照枸橼酸咖啡因给药时间的不同将患儿分为早期组(51例,出生24 h内在呼吸机持续气道正压通气下完成枸橼酸咖啡因给药)和常规组(40例,72 h内在呼吸机持续气道正压通气下给予枸橼酸咖啡因治疗)。比较两组患儿的呼吸机应用时间、给药时间、吸氧天数以及呼吸暂停改善情况,记录呼吸指标变化和不良反应发生情况。结果:早期组呼吸机使用时间、给药时间、吸氧天数、3 d后呼吸暂停次数及住院时间均明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.561,t=2.901,t=2.821,t=3.180,t=2.987;P<0.05)。经枸橼酸咖啡因治疗3 d后,两组患儿β-内啡肽水平及二氧化碳分压较治疗前均有显著降低,且早期组较常规组下降更为明显(t=0.408,t=3.294;P<0.05);氧分压及血氧饱和度均较治疗前有显著回升,早期组较常规组升高更显著(t=6.4758,t=2.121,t=2.409;P<0.05)。早期组的治疗有效率为86.2%(44/51),常规组为72.5%(29/40),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.149,P<0.05)。早期组不良反应事件发生率为13.7%(7/51),常规组为15.0%(6/40),两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:呼吸机持续气道正压通气可以改善患儿呼吸功能,有助于患儿更好的渡过呼吸暂停危险期,早期给予枸橼酸咖啡因可促进患儿更快的恢复,显著缩短治疗时间,但不会增加不良事件的发生。     

正压通气治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是心律失常的作用

目的：探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患病情严重程度与夜间心律失常的关系,以及经鼻持续气道内正压（ｎ－ＣＰＡＰ）通气治疗对心律失常的作用。方法：１０１例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患按呼吸紊乱指数分轻、中、重三组,观察夜间平均心率变化、最大心率变化、最慢心率、最快心率及心律失常累计时间,比较组间差异性,并对１６例患进行了ｎ－ＣＰＡＰ治疗前后各项参数的比较。结果：夜间心率变化和夜间心律失常     

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Upper Airway Surgery on Exhaled Breath Condensate and Serum Biomarkers in Patients With Sleep Apnea

IntroductionStudies on inflammation biomarkers in serum and in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have shown conflicting results. The objective of this study is to assess EBC and serum biomarkers in OSA patients at baseline and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or upper airway surgery (UAS).Patients and methodsNine OSA patients referred for UAS were matched for anthropometric characteristics and apnea–hypopnea index with 20 patients receiving CPAP. pH, nitrite (NO₂⁻), nitrate, and interleukin 6 in EBC and NO₂⁻, nitrate, leukotriene B₄, and interleukin 6 in serum were determined. EBC and serum samples were collected at baseline and 3 months after CPAP or UAS.ResultsPatients’ mean body mass index was 30 (range 24.9–40) kg/m². EBC biomarker levels at baseline were within normal range and did not differ significantly after CPAP or UAS. No significant changes were observed in the serum concentration of the biomarkers determined after CPAP but the serum concentration of NO₂⁻ increased significantly at 3 months after UAS (P=.0078).ConclusionIn mildly obese OSA patients, EBC biomarkers of inflammation or oxidative stress were normal at baseline and remained unchanged 3 months after UAS or CPAP. Although UAS was not effective in terms of reducing OSA severity, it was associated with an increase in serum NO₂⁻.