The Effects of Zero Magnesium Dialysate and Magnesium Supplements on Ionised Calcium Concentration in Patients on Regular Dialysis Treatment

The effect of oral magnesium carbonate aluminium hydroxide onserum ionised calcium, total calcium, aluminium and magnesium,was assessed in 31 patients with chronic renal failure, duringand after one haemodialysis. The behaviour of ionised calcium and total calcium was the samein both groups. Each showed a slight fall during dialysis, whichwas not significant. Serum total calcium was 0.2–0.3 mmol/l(0.8–1.2 mg/dl) greater throughout the period of dialysisin the group taking aluminium hydroxide. Serum magnesium andaluminium were both lower in the group treated with magnesiumcarbonate. In the group taking magnesium carbonate, serum magnesium concentrationsfell markedly during dialysis, but otherwise were maintainedwithin the reference range by the use of a magnesium-free dialysate.These results show the effectiveness of magnesium carbonateoral phosphate-binding agents and zero magnesium dialysate inreducing serum aluminium without affecting the behaviour ofserum calcium fractions during dialysis.     

8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸-溴化十六烷基三甲铵荧光法测定水中铝的探讨

作者根据铝与8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸(H_2QS)和溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)的荧光反应,采用930型荧光计,测定水中铝含量在0～1.5μg/ml范围内有良好线性关系。方法的回收率为87.9％～105.0％,变异系数为2.9％～8.9％,铝的最低检出量和最低检出浓度分别为0.3μg和3×10~(-2)μg/ml。此法适于饮水和天然水中铝含量测定,具有灵敏、准确、所需仪器简单的特点。     

Absence of aluminium in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer''s disease

Using the new technique of nuclear microscopy, aluminium is not detected in pyramidal neurons in brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The analytical technique of nuclear microscopy can simultaneously image and analyse features in unstained and untreated tissue sections. In tissue which had been previously subjected to conventional procedures such as fixation and osmication, aluminium was observed in both neurons and surrounding tissue. This result shows that the analysis of tissue prepared using conventional chemical techniques may produce contamination or elemental redistribution, and supports our previous investigations which implied that aluminium is not involved in the aetiology of AD. In addition, significant increases in iron, phosphorus and sulphur concentrations were noted between neurons from Alzheimer tissue and neurons from age-matched controls, and between the supporting Alzheimer tissue and supporting control tissue, implying an overall increase in these elements. No significant increase in calcium was observed between neurons from Alzheimer tissue and neurons from age-matched controls.     

铝-铬天青-溴化十六烷基啶胶束增溶分光光度法测定血清铝的方法研究

在溶液p H6-5 ～5-5 范围内,铝铬天青S(CAS)溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB) 生成兰色三元胶束配合物,它的最大吸收在618n m 波长,摩尔吸光系数ε为9-642 ×104L.m ol-1 .c m -1 。在铝含量0 ～6-0 ×10 -6m ol.L- 1,遵循比耳定律,AlCASCPB三元配合物的组成摩尔比是1∶2∶3 。一定量的抗坏血酸和盐酸羟胺可以消除血清中与铝共存的其它阳离子Fe3 ,Cu2 等的干扰。该方法的检出限为6-60 ×10 - 7mol .L-1 ,平均回收率(96-11 ±2-87) % ,相对标准差小于3 % 。方法简便易行,有较高的准确度和灵敏度,用于血清铝的测定可获得满意结果     

氟对铝作业工人的健康影响

目的　探讨氟对铝作业工人的健康影响。方法　采用作业环境空气中氟化物测定和职业健康检查等方法进行调查研究。结果　接触组神经衰弱、咳嗽、胸闷、四肢疼痛、关节痛及四肢麻木明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。接触组确诊的 2例Ⅰ期氟病患者和 10 8例氟观察对象、5 4例氟斑牙主要表现与对照组相比差异具有高度显著性 (P <0 0 1)。铝电解工心律不齐和心电图异常项次之合计的检出率明显增高 ,与对照组比较 ,差异均有高度显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　氟对铝作业工人的健康影响比较严重 ,应引起有关部门的重视     

Nanoalum adjuvanted vaccines: small details make a big difference

Purified vaccine antigens offer important safety and reactogenicity advantages compared with live attenuated or whole killed virus and bacterial vaccines. However, they require the addition of adjuvants to induce the magnitude, duration and quality of immune response required to achieve protective immunity.Aluminium salts have been used as adjuvants in vaccines for almost a century. In the literature, they are often referred to as aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs), or aluminium salt-containing adjuvants or more simply “alum”. All these terms are used to group aluminium suspensions that are very different in terms of atomic composition, size, and shape. They differ also in stability, antigen-adsorption, and antigen-release kinetics. Critically, these parameters also have a profound effect on the character and magnitude of the immune response elicited. Recent findings suggest that, by reducing the size of aluminium from micro to nanometers, a more effective adjuvant is obtained, together with the ability to sterile filter the vaccine product. However, the behaviour of aluminium nanoparticles in vaccine formulations is different from microparticles, requiring specific formulation strategies, as well as a more detailed understanding of how formulation influences the immune response generated. Here we review the current state of art of aluminium nanoparticles as adjuvants, with a focus on their immunobiology, preparation methods, formulation optimisation and stabilisation.     

Multifaceted effects of aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases: A review

Aluminium (Al) is the most common metal and widely distributed in our environment. Al was first isolated as an element in 1827, and its use began only after 1886. Al is widely used for industrial applications and consumer products. Apart from these it is also used in cooking utensils and in pharmacological agents, including antacids and antiperspirants from which the element usually enters into the human body. Evidence for the neurotoxicity of Al is described in various studies, but still the exact mechanism of Al toxicity is not known. However, the evidence suggests that the Al can potentiate oxidative stress and inflammatory events and finally leads to cell death.Al is considered as a well-established neurotoxin and have a link between the exposure and development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia, Gulf war syndrome and Parkinsonism. Here, we review the detailed possible pathogenesis of Al neurotoxicity. This review summarizes Al induced events likewise oxidative stress, cell mediated toxicity, apoptosis, inflammatory events in the brain, glutamate toxicity, effects on calcium homeostasis, gene expression and Al induced Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation. Apart from these we also discussed animal models that are commonly used for Al induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration studies. These models help to find out a better way to treat and prevent the progression in Al induced neurodegenerative diseases.     

Aluminium in infant foods: Total content,effect of in vitro digestion on bioaccessible fraction and preliminary exposure assessment

The objective of this study was to determine the total concentration and bioaccessible fraction of aluminium (Al) in 95 different baby food samples and estimate the exposure assessment. Total Al content was determined following oxidative microwave digestion by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. An in vitro digestionmethod was optimized to evaluate the bioaccessible fraction. Total concentration and bioaccessibility varied according to the sample composition (saltypurees, fruit purees, infant drinks and petitsuisse). Petit suisse, soy-based drink and salty puree samples presented the highest total Al concentrations of 4170 μg kg⁻¹, 2860 μg kg⁻¹ and 2760 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. Bioaccessiblefraction varied from 0.5%–48% according to their composition.Exposure to Al was estimated and compared with the tolerable weekly intakes currently established. The results showed that the consumption of 3 portions/day of soy-based drink along the week could represent a concern.     

Aluminium hydroxide stabilised MnFe2O4 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as dual-modality contrasts agent for MRI and PET imaging

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) MnFe₂O₄ and Fe₃O₄ were stabilised by depositing an Al(OH)₃ layer via a hydrolysis process. The particles displayed excellent colloidal stability in water and a high affinity to [¹⁸F]-fluoride and bisphosphonate groups. A high radiolabeling efficiency, 97% for ¹⁸F-fluoride and 100% for ⁶⁴Cu-bisphosphonate conjugate, was achieved by simply incubating NPs with radioactivity solution at room temperature for 5 min. The properties of particles were strongly dependant on the thickness and hardness of the Al(OH)₃ layer which could in turn be controlled by the hydrolysis method. The application of these Al(OH)₃ coated magnetic NPs in molecular imaging has been further explored. The results demonstrated that these NPs are potential candidates as dual modal probes for MR and PET. In vivo PET imaging showed a slow release of ¹⁸F from NPs, but no sign of efflux of ⁶⁴Cu.     

海尔福防治慢性铝中毒小鼠作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨中药海尔福对慢性铝中毒小鼠防治作用机制。方法实验用30只昆明小白鼠,分模型组、海尔福治疗组、对照组,采用跳台法及避暗法检测各组小鼠学习记忆成绩,用HE染色观察小鼠脑皮层及海马神经元的变化,用免疫组织化学方法观察海尔福对各组小鼠脑皮层及海马结构区域NMDA受体亚单位NR2B蛋白表达的情况。结果模型组与对照组比较,学习记忆成绩明显下降(P<0.01);海尔福治疗组与模型组比较,学习记忆成绩明显提高(P<0.01);HE染色观察小鼠脑皮层及海马神经元在各组变化不明显。模型组与对照组比较,皮层和海马内NR2B的表达明显减少(P<0.01),海尔福治疗组小鼠脑内NR2B的表达程度明显增加(P<0.01)。结论海尔福可能通过NR2B蛋白表达的保护作用而发挥抗慢性铝中毒作用。